北京奥林匹克森林公园鸟类栖息地植物景观研究

发布时间：2018-01-13 04:19

本文关键词：北京奥林匹克森林公园鸟类栖息地植物景观研究　出处：《北京林业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着城市化的不断推进,城市环境中适合野生动物生存栖息的自然绿地逐渐丧失,城市公园已经成为野生动物最后的避难所。研究城市中鸟类栖息地的植物生境特征,有利于未来构建有特色的鸟类栖息地植物景观。本研究旨在通过调查北京奥林匹克森林公园中植物群落结构、植物多样性以及植物生境类型,分析鸟类群落与植物生境的关系,探究森林公园发挥城市鸟类栖息地生态功能的重要因素。根据不同鸟类集团需求,提出城市鸟类栖息地的植物生境营建策略与群落模式推荐。研究结果表明：(1)北京奥林匹克森林公园现有维管束植物212种(含变种／品种),隶属65科159属。乔木、灌木、草本和藤本的种类比为3.3：2.3：8.1：1。植物优势科属为菊科(Compositae)(13.15%)蔷薇科(Rosaceae)(12.21%)禾本科(Gramineae)(7.98%)蝶形花科(Leguminosae)(6.10%)。相对频度最高的乔木种类为油松(Pinus tabulaeformis),灌木种类为金银木(Lonicera maackii),草本种类为狗尾草(Setaria viridis)。全园乡土树种和食源树种应用程度较高,入侵植物有24种,全部为国外外来种。(2)森林公园中草本植物多样性最高,全园波动不大,基本能维持在较高水平,乔木层也表现出较高的物种丰富度和多样性指数,但灌木种类相对较为缺乏,多样性较低。具有发达的乔木和灌木的生境类型中乔木和灌木的多样性水平高,但会影响草本层植物的生长,导致草本植物多样性降低。具有单独优势种的植物生境表现为较低的乔木多样性,但灌木和草本多样性则相应提高。而在乔木种类不多,灌木层缺乏的植物生境中,中上层植物的生长受限使得草本植物多样性增加。(3)北京奥林匹克森林公园共记录到鸟类66种,分别隶属于11目29科,珍稀鸟类共计34种。鸟类群落在区系组成方面以古北种鸟类为主；在季相方面,春秋季节鸟类群落的结构组成波动较大,记录到的鸟类种类最为丰富,分别为44种、42种,夏季与冬季鸟类群落较为稳定,分别为40种、31种：公园中繁殖鸟类大多采取树上巢的筑巢方式,并且多在乔木中上层活动；鸟类的取食方式以虫食为主,但公园中出现频度最高的鸟类优势种多为杂食性鸟类。(4)鸟类多样性在森林公园不同区域的分布并不均匀,南园的鸟类物种及鸟类群落结构在四季变化大,不同样点间的鸟类多样性差异明显,而北园则保持较高的鸟类均匀度。10种植物生境下,植物群落水平结构越复杂,吸引的鸟类越多,但鸟类均匀度和多样性会下降。在株型舒展、植株高大的落叶阔叶类植物生境中,鸟类群落组成结构则较合理,能够保持较高的鸟类多样性和均匀度。(5)植物生境中灌木的数量和多样性对鸟类多样性表现为显著的正相关,对鸟类均匀度呈显著负相关,植物群落结构与鸟类群落多样性不存在显著的线性相关,但是随着栖息地中乔木平均高度的增加,鸟类丰富度与多样性指数呈现先上升后下降的趋势。样点的与水距离与鸟类丰富度呈显著负相关,人流量对鸟类均匀度呈显著正相关,道路数量与鸟类多样性无显著相关性。(6)不同鸟类集团中的鸟类具有明显的植物生境偏好,多种阔叶乔木混交的生境类型对鸟类群落的重要值最高,乔木种类中旱柳(Salix matsudana)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)等对鸟类群落的重要值最高,适合多种类型的鸟类栖息,在植物生境中能够快速提高鸟类的丰富度和多样性水平。(7)对北京城市公园鸟类栖息地植物种类规划提出建议与策略,推荐适合营造鸟类栖息地的乔木和灌木,及其植物群落模式。本研究结果对发挥城市公园鸟类栖息地的生态服务功能,构建适宜鸟类栖息的植物景观有一定参考价值,同时为风景园林和生态学和动物保护学领域的合作提供了新的尝试。
[Abstract]:With the continuous progress of city, city environment for wild animal habitat natural green space gradually lost, city park has become the last refuge of wild animal habitat characteristics of bird habitat. The plant of the city, to build a unique habitat for birds future landscape plants. This study aims to investigate the structure of plant community in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in plant diversity and plant habitat types, analysis of the relationship between bird communities and plant habitats, explore Forest Park play an important ecological function of the city habitat factors. According to the needs of different birds group, recommended plant habitat construction strategy and community mode of city bird habitat. The results show: (1) the vascular plants in Beijing Olympic Forest Park 212 species (including varieties and varieties), belonging to 65 families and 159 genera. Trees, shrubs, Species of herb and liana is 3.3:2.3:8.1:1. dominant species in genera Compositae (Compositae) (13.15%) (Rosaceae) of Rosaceae Gramineae (12.21%) (Gramineae) (7.98%) Papilionaceae (Leguminosae) (6.10%). The relative frequency of the highest tree species (Pinus tabulaeformis), Chinese pine shrub species for Jin Yinmu (Lonicera maackii), herb species (Setaria viridis). S.viridis garden of native trees and feed trees using a higher degree of invasive plants have 24 species, all foreign exotic species (2) in Forest Park. The highest diversity of herbaceous plants, the whole park less fluctuation, maintained at a high level, the tree layer performance higher species richness and diversity index of the shrub species, but are relatively deficient, low diversity. Habitat types has developed trees and shrubs in the tree and shrub diversity of wood is high, but will affect the herbaceous layer The growth of plants, resulting in herbaceous plant diversity decreased with plant habitat. The dominant species were isolated with low tree diversity, but shrub and herb diversity is accordingly increased. While in the tree species is not much, lack of shrub layer plants in habitats in the upper plant growth restriction increased the diversity of herb species. (3) the Beijing Olympic Forest Park recorded a total of 66 species belonging to 11 families and 29 orders, a total of 34 species of rare birds. Bird communities in the floristic composition of the Palearctic species of birds; in seasonal, spring and autumn bird community structure composition fluctuations, recorded bird species most abundant 44, respectively, 42, summer and winter bird community is relatively stable, respectively, 40, 31: Park breeding birds mostly adopt tree nest nests, and many trees in pelagic birds take activities; The food to herbivory, but the park appears in the highest frequency of dominant species of birds are omnivorous birds. (4) the diversity of birds is not uniformly distributed in different regions of the Forest Park, the bird species and community structure of birds in the changing seasons, the difference is not the same among the birds varied significantly, and North Park is to maintain a high uniformity of.10 species of birds habitat, the plant community level structure is more complex, more birds attract birds, but evenness and diversity will decrease. In plant stretch, deciduous plants habitat tall plants, the bird community structure is more reasonable, can maintain a high diversity of birds and uniformity. (5) number of shrub habitat and diversity of bird diversity is a significant positive correlation on species evenness index showed a significant negative correlation, and the structure of bird community diversity There is no significant linear correlation, but with the average tree height increases in habitat, species richness and diversity index showed a downward trend after rising. The water samples and the distance was negatively correlated with species richness, the flow of people on species evenness index showed significant positive correlation. There is no significant correlation between the quantity of Road and bird diversity. (6) different birds group of birds in plants with obvious habitat preference, various habitat types of mixed broadleaved trees on bird community of the highest, willow tree species (Salix matsudana), Luan tree (Koelreuteria paniculata) on the bird community of the highest, for various types of birds. Can improve the bird richness and diversity in plant habitat. (7) propose suggestions and strategies for the planning of Beijing City Park birds habitat and plant species, suitable for Create a habitat of trees and shrubs, and plant community patterns. The results of this study give full play to the city park habitat ecological service function, constructing a suitable plant landscape of the birds have a certain reference value, but also provides a new attempt for landscape and ecology and animal protection cooperation.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：Q948

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