阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁研究

发布时间：2018-01-15 16:32

本文关键词：阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁研究　出处：《中央民族大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：游牧是阿尼玛卿周边乃至整个藏区最古老、最重要的生活方式之一。本文以生活在阿尼玛卿周边的游牧部落—果洛扎那合三部落(??)的历史渊源为出发点,重点论述了近年来该地区游牧文化的变迁状况。阿尼玛卿周边的游牧部落因其所处地理环境的特殊性,游牧文化也具有一定的特殊性,但长期处于相对封闭状态而国内外学者对该地区游牧文化进行研究少之又少。研究阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化一方面能将处于边缘地区的藏族游牧文化得到人们的关注,引导更多的学者在研究藏族文化时积极主动地从事游牧文化的调查和研究,不断地扩充藏族文化。另一方面,对阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化能起到很好的保护和传承作用,避免少数民族优秀文化的消失。最后,也为当今的牧区发展提供丰富的内容和理论依据。论文共分六章,第一章主要阐述了阿尼玛卿周边的自然状态、社会环境以及该地区游牧部落的历史更替。第一章分为三节,第一节明确表述玛域(?)与阿尼玛卿周边的文化范围,所谓玛域(?)泛指黄河源头以及阿尼玛卿地区整个辽阔的草原,但在本篇论文中阿尼玛卿周边特指扎那合三部落(?)所属区域,故有广义和狭义之分；第二节通过对藏族世界形成之九尊神和阿尼玛卿山神供桑颂词等的分析出发,揭示了具有象征意义的地方神祗—阿尼玛卿山神的历史渊源,进一步论述了阿尼玛卿山神与藏族原始信仰‘年’(?)的关系,引出‘年’(?)是青藏高原最古老族群之一的论断；第三节简略梳理了不同历史时期栖居在阿尼玛卿周边的部落族群以及他们的流动状况,因参考资料有限,很难精确地描述藏王松赞干布之前的部落组织形态和生活方式,或因一直处于与世隔绝的状态而很难把握与其他部落之间的关系,但笔者通过对已有文献的查阅和挖掘、并借助对当地居民的深入访谈等方式从前辈们世代口传的资料中找寻历史发展的规律,从而得出比较详实的结论。第二章论述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化的种种变迁。第一节概述了游牧文化及其研究现状,并结合游牧文化的本质概念及其特征说明了阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁研究的时代意义；第二节简述了游牧文化的创造者—牧人的性格及语言、禁忌方面的变化；第三节简述了藏族牧人对草场的爱惜和传统意识对草原生态保护的作用,通过分析研究家庭联产承包责任制和近十年在三江源地区实施的生态移民工程全面启动以来对草原生态环境和游牧文化的影响做比较,提出生态移民工程是阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化即将解体的前奏。第三章分为牧人的信仰和宗教仪式两节,分别从远古时期拉(?)、鲁(?)、年(?)等神祗的信仰阐释了藏族万物有灵观对后期宗教和人们生活的影响。从拉则(?)、寺院建筑等遗留物及盛行于当地的宗教仪式来回顾苯教和藏传佛教在阿尼玛卿周边的发展历程,着重论述阿尼玛卿周边牧人在日常生活中的各种宗教行为以及宗教仪式的变迁状况。信仰是人类精神的最高指向,神的存在是以信神的人的存在为前提的,阿尼玛卿周边牧人的信仰经过了图腾崇拜、苯教、藏传佛教三个大阶段。古老的图腾崇拜和苯教经过了数千年的历史而至今仍然影响着牧人日常生活的方方面面,这与阿尼玛卿周边长期以来相对封闭的环境和发展状况有关,但随着社会生产力的不断发展,人们的精神世界也不断发生变化,包括牧人的信仰也在不断发生变化。第四章分为三节,主要阐述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧民人文生活方面的变迁。第一节阐述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧人怎样抵御外敌入侵或因双方的抢盗而引起的纠纷困惑及其相应的解决方式；第二节分别从狩猎、婚姻习俗等方面阐明了阿尼玛卿周边游牧民传统习俗的嬗变；第三节从饮食习俗与经济运作方式、服饰文化、部落组织的历史变迁着手,阐述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧民生产资料和生活法则的历史性转变。法律对于社会关系的调整是随着社会变迁而有所变化的,阿尼玛卿周边牧区因为特定的历史进程、生产方式、风俗习惯等原因形成了自己的习惯法,但随着社会主义政权的建立、现代法制的确立以及自身的全面发展,该地区的习惯法与往昔已经有所不同,并深刻地影响着习惯法。第五章分为两节,主要探讨了阿尼玛卿周边游牧民文体艺术方面的变化。第一节阐述近些年来草原游牧人传统体育项目‘索查’(?)及纯属娱乐游戏的‘凯德’(?)等加速衰亡的原因；第二节从情歌、勒夏(?)等民间吟唱类和《格萨尔王传》、故乡颂词、谜语等演说类口传艺术的现状及其变化着手,论述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧民口传艺术的变迁状况。阿尼玛卿周边的游牧部落是孕育《格萨尔王传》等各种民间艺术的土壤,没有游牧部落以及承袭至今的部落制度,这些世代相传的民间艺术或许早就进入了历史而不能久远传唱。第六章分为两节,总体描述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化的现状。第一节的论述中把二十世纪五十年代当作是阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化发生变迁的重要转型期,描述相继实施的政策对游牧文化转型所起的重要作用；第二节运用人类学家所谓文化变迁的过程或途径的视角,总体论述了游牧文化的创新、传播、变异及其复兴的现象。促使文化发生变迁的原因很多,当自然环境发生变化时,就可能需要在文化方面也随之产生一种适应性的变化。在阿尼玛卿周边的牧人同另一族群的接触与交往中,也引进新的文化因素与新的观念,从而使该地区的游牧文化发生变化。结语部分简单陈述本篇论文的不足之处,因笔者缺乏人类学和社会学等方面的专业知识,田野调查经验不足,论文中难免会有因调查不够深入而产生的偏颇和疏漏之处。变迁是人类一切文化的永恒现象,无论社会文化有着怎样的变迁,社会最终总是趋于均衡、稳定状态。阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁现象不是一个简单的发展过程,其中有族群接触、政治导向、生态环境的适应等多种因素。本篇论文涉及了宗教文化和民俗文化的内容,因而采用了文化人类学的研究方法和宗教学的研究方法,进行实地调查和访谈,获取第一手资料；并通过解读大量的历史文献,采用了历史学的研究方法去追溯阿尼玛卿周边游牧部落的历史及其文化背景,力求做到客观、真实。总之,结合各种研究方法系统地阐述了阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁状况,弥补了阿尼玛卿周边果洛扎那和三部落(?)研究的历史空白,使之成为第一个研究阿尼玛卿周边果洛扎那和三部落(?)的论文。本文第一章首次论述阿尼玛卿山神与藏族原始信仰‘年’(?)的关系,提出‘年’(?)是阿尼玛卿周边最古老族群之一的论断；依次从不同的视角探讨阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化的种种变迁并首次具体分析游牧文化变迁原因,可视为本论文的创新之处。尤其笔者屡次深入民间进行田野调查,搜集了许多濒临消失的一手资料,对此进行分析、考证、运用,对研究阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁研究具有一定的参考价值。首次直接从阿尼玛卿周边游牧文化变迁研究着手,阐述该地区游牧部落的历史背景以及文化现状,通过对已有文献的查阅和挖掘、并借助对当地牧民的深入调查等方式进一步论述游牧文化变迁现象。从前辈们世代口传的资料中找寻历史发展的规律,从而得出比较详实的结论,这些对了解该地游牧部落的历史文化以及变迁现状、发展趋势也具有一定的参考价值。
[Abstract]:Nomad is the A'nyemaqen surrounding the whole Tibetan area is the oldest, one of the most important way of life. The life in A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic tribes - three tribes that tie Golog (??) history as a starting point, focuses on the changes in the situation of nomadic culture in the region in recent years. The A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic the tribe due to its special geographical environment, the nomadic culture also has certain particularity, but long-term in a relatively closed state and domestic and foreign scholars on the nomadic culture of the area to study less and less. Research of A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic culture can be a Tibetan nomadic culture in the edge region to get people's attention guide more scholars actively engaged in the investigation and study of nomadic culture of Tibetan culture, Tibetan culture is constantly expanding. On the other hand, the A'nyemaqen surrounding You Muwen Can play a good role in the protection and inheritance of ethnic culture, avoid disappear. Finally, it provides rich content and theoretical basis for the development of pastoral area. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter mainly elaborates the A'nyemaqen surrounding the state of nature, history and social environment in the area of nomadic tribes the first chapter is divided into three sections, the first section clearly stated Mary domain (?) and A'nyemaqen around the range of culture, the so-called Mary domain (?) the vast grassland refers to the source of the Yellow River and A'nyemaqen area, but Arni and Qing tie that three tribes surrounding especially in this thesis (what?) area, it is divided into broad and narrow; the second section through the analysis of the formation of the nine world Tibetan deity and A'nyemaqen mountain for the tribute of mulberry, reveals the historical origin of the symbolic meaning of the local deity - Animaqing mountain, into a Step the A'nyemaqen mountain and the Tibetan primitive belief 'year' (?) relationship leads to the 'year' (?) is one of the most ancient ethnic Tibetan Plateau; the third section briefly summarizes the dwelling in A'nyemaqen surrounding tribes and their flow conditions in different historical periods, for reference is limited. It is difficult to accurately describe the king Song Xan Gan Bbu before the tribe organization form and way of life, or because of the relationship between has been in isolation and it is difficult to grasp and other tribes, but the author based on the literature review and mining, and with the help of the local residents interviews predecessor orally from generation to generation information search the law of historical development, in order to draw detailed conclusions. The second chapter discusses the various changes of A'nyemaqen surrounding the nomadic culture. The first section summarizes the research status quo and nomadic culture, And explains the significance of cultural changes surrounding the A'nyemaqen binding nature of nomadic concept and characteristics of nomadic culture; the second section introduces the Creator - Shepherd's personality and language of the nomadic culture, change of taboo; section third describes the Tibetan shepherd of the pasture and cherish the traditional consciousness of grassland ecological protection, through the analysis of comparing the impact on the ecological environment of grassland and nomadic culture since the research and implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the source region of Sanjiang nearly ten years of ecological migration project started, the ecological migration project is a prelude to the A'nyemaqen surrounding the disintegration of the nomadic culture. The third chapter is divided into two sections: beliefs and rituals, respectively, from the ancient times during the period of pull (?), Lu (?) years, (?) faith interpretation of deities of the Tibetan animism influences on the religion and people's life. From then (?), temple building and other remnants and prevailed in the local religious ceremonies to review bon and Tibetan Buddhism in the history of A'nyemaqen surrounding, focuses on the changes in the daily life of the various religious practices and rituals surrounding the A'nyemaqen shepherd. Faith is the highest point of the human spirit, the existence of God is to a man of God's existence as the premise, the A'nyemaqen surrounding the shepherd faith after totem worship, religion, Tibetan Buddhism in three stages. The ancient totem worship and religion after thousands of years and still influence the shepherd in all aspects of daily life, which is related to the A'nyemaqen periphery has long been relatively closed the environment and development status, but with the continuous development of social productive forces, people's spiritual world is constantly changing, including: faith also in constant change. In the fourth chapter Divided into three sections, mainly expounds Anima's humanistic Qing tour around the vicissitudes of life. The first section introduces the disputes confused Anima Qing tour around how to resist invasion or a shepherd caused by both robbing and corresponding solutions; the second section respectively from hunting, marriage customs and other aspects of the evolution of Anima's the surrounding nomadic traditions; the third section from the diet custom and economic operation, clothing culture, historical changes to tribal organization, elaborated Anima Qing surrounding nomads production and living the law of historical change. The adjustment of law for social relations along with the social change, Anima's pastoral areas because of the surrounding the historical process, the specific mode of production, customs and other reasons, the customary law of their own, but with the establishment of socialist regime, modern law system Establish and develop itself, and the old customary law in the area have different, and a profound impact on customary law. The fifth chapter is divided into two sections, mainly discusses the A'nyemaqen tour around the change style of art. And the first section discusses the nomadic people in recent years, the traditional sports' soza '(?) Kidd and the entertainment game' '(?) to accelerate the decline of reason; second section from the song, Lesha (?) and other folk singing and "King Gesar", home to the status and changes of a speech class such as the riddle of oral art, discusses the changes in the situation of A'nyemaqen surrounding nomads oral art. The A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic tribes is < Gesar > and so on various folk art of the soil, no nomadic tribes and has inherited the system, these generations of folk art or early in the calendar Not long history of Sung. The sixth chapter is divided into two sections, the general description of the status of the A'nyemaqen surrounding the nomadic culture. The first section of the paper in 1950s as a transition change of A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic culture, an important role in describing the implementation of the policy have on the nomadic culture transformation process or way of section second; the use of the so-called anthropologists culture change perspective, discusses the overall innovation, nomadic culture dissemination, variation and revival phenomenon. Many reasons of cultural changes in the natural environment, when the hair changes, it may also have a need to change the adaptability in terms of culture. In the A'nyemaqen surrounding the shepherd contact and communication with another group in the introduction of new ideas and new cultural factors, which makes the area of the nomadic culture change. The conclusion part. A single statement of this thesis deficiencies, because of the lack of Anthropology and sociology specialty knowledge, fieldwork experience, this will inevitably be caused by insufficient investigation of bias and omissions. Change is an eternal phenomenon of all human culture, the social culture has a kind of social change. The end is always balanced, stable state. The A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic culture change is not a simple process of development, including ethnic contact, political orientation, to adapt to a variety of factors such as ecological environment. This thesis involves the religious culture and folk culture, and adopts the research method and research method of cultural anthropology religion, conduct field surveys and interviews to obtain first-hand information; and through the interpretation of a large number of historical literature, the historical research methods to trace the A'nyemaqen The historical and cultural background of the surrounding nomadic tribes, and strive to achieve the objective, true. In short, combined with various research methods, systematically expounded the A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic culture changes, make up the A'nyemaqen around that bar and three tribes of Golog (?) history research, which became the first of the A'nyemaqen tie it around Guoluo and the three tribes (?) in the thesis. The first chapter of this paper first discusses the A'nyemaqen mountains and the Tibetan primitive belief 'year' (?) relationship, put forward the "year" (?) is one of the most ancient A'nyemaqen surrounding ethnic judgment; in turn from different perspectives to explore a variety of changes of A'nyemaqen surrounding nomadic culture and for the first time detailed analysis of nomadic culture changes, can be regarded as the innovation of this paper. The author especially often into folk fieldwork, collected a lot of first-hand information on the verge of disappearing, the analysis in this regard, The research, application, has certain reference value for the research on the surrounding nomadic culture change of A'nyemaqen. For the first time directly from the research surrounding nomadic culture change A'nyemaqen to illuminate the region of nomadic tribes of historical background and cultural status, based on the literature review and mining, and with the help of the local herdsmen the way of further in-depth investigation this nomadic cultural phenomena. Predecessor information orally from generation to generation to find the law of historical development, in order to draw detailed conclusions, these historical and cultural changes and the status of the understanding of the development trend of the nomadic tribes, but also has a certain reference value.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G127

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