亚热带地区乡村景观建设中植物多样性变化

发布时间：2018-01-29 01:49

本文关键词： 乡村景观物种多样性景观要素植物群落　出处：《中国林业科学研究院》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生物多样性丧失是一个全球性的生态问题,已引起了人们广泛关注。乡村环境是植物的重要栖息地,随着乡村景观建设的进行,乡村的土地利用、农业活动、居住区建设等方面发生了很大改变,这些改变对原有植物的生存有着潜在的威胁。开展乡村景观建设中生物多样性变化研究有助于深入了解乡村景观建设对生物多样性变化的影响机制,提出针对性的生物多样性保护策略。本文以浙江省安吉县、余姚市和湖南省长沙市望城区部分乡村为例,通过乡村景观中道路、公园、河道、人工林地和农耕区五种景观要素调查,进行植物多样性统计;探讨乡村不同景观类型中植物物种多样性分布现状;结合冗余分析方法研究乡村环境中12种因子对植物种类多样性分布产生的影响。同时在安吉县~E舍村中板栗纯林开展景观改造,研究改造措施对林下物种多样性的影响。得出以下主要结论:(1)在乡村景观类型中,景观要素间植物物种多样性分布特征差异显著。乔木和灌木植物物种丰富度指数的大小顺序为公园、道路、河道到农耕区依次减小,草本植物物种丰富度的顺序为农耕区、公园、河道到道路依次减小。乔木植物的植物物种多样性指数Shannon-Wiener指数值和Simpson指数值的大小顺序为公园河道道路农耕区,灌木植物多样性指数值表现为公园、道路、河道到农耕区呈现依次降低趋势,草本植物多样性顺序为农耕区、河道、公园到道路依次减小。(2)五种乡村景观要素中都含有不同物种组成,景观要素间优势乔木和灌木植物组成基本相同,而优势草本植物种类组成差别较大。从乔木植物、灌木植物到草本植物,物种种类组成相似性表现为依次增大。乡村景观中乔木和灌木植物物种分布存在显著相关关系,草本植物与乔木和灌木植物物种分布关系不明显。(3)生物多样性水平与景观要素类型密切相关。每一种景观要素类型有不同植物物种组成,因此多种植物种类的生存需要异质性景观要素。(4)通过板栗纯林景观改造,增加了新的植物物种组成,显著提高了灌木层物种多样性,而未对草本层物种多样性构成显著影响,整体林分群落结构更趋向于稳定。(5)乡村景观要素中物种多样性受绿化措施和外来入侵植物的影响。人工绿化能增加公园、河道和道路中乔木和灌木物种多样性,而高覆盖度的草本绿化会减少公园和河道中草本物种多样性。常见的外来入侵物种空心莲子草在乡村道路中是主要的草本优势物种,但未对乡土草本植物群落物种多样性构成显著影响。(6)在乡村环境中,乔木植物多样性分布受土地利用类型、相邻斑块类型、覆盖度和森林覆盖度环境因子的显著影响。灌木植物多样性分布受土地利用方式、相邻斑块类型、森林覆盖度和人口密度环境因子显著影响。草本植物多样性分布受绿化率、森林覆盖率影响极显著。乡村环境因子对物种多样性分布具有显著影响。
[Abstract]:Biodiversity loss is a global ecological problem, which has aroused widespread concern. Rural environment is an important habitat for plants. With the development of rural landscape, rural land use and agricultural activities. Great changes have taken place in the construction of residential areas. These changes have a potential threat to the survival of the original plants. The study of biodiversity changes in rural landscape construction is helpful to understand the impact mechanism of rural landscape construction on biodiversity change. This paper takes Anji County, Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province and some villages in Wangcheng District of Changsha City in Hunan Province as examples, through rural landscape roads, parks and rivers. Five landscape elements were investigated in plantation and farming areas, and plant diversity statistics were carried out. To explore the distribution of plant species diversity in different landscape types in rural areas. The effects of 12 factors on the distribution of plant species diversity in rural environment were studied by means of redundancy analysis. Meanwhile, landscape transformation was carried out in pure chestnut forest in Anji County. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) in the rural landscape type. The diversity of plant species was significantly different among landscape elements. The order of species richness index of Arbor and shrub was park, road, river and farming area. The order of species richness of herbaceous plants is farming areas and parks. The order of plant species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener) and Simpson index (Simpson index) of Arbor plants was that of park channel road farming area. The index of shrub plant diversity showed a decreasing trend from park, road, river to farming area, and the order of herbaceous plant diversity was agricultural area and river channel. The five rural landscape elements all contain different species composition, and the dominant tree and shrub plant composition among landscape elements are basically the same. The species composition of dominant herbaceous plants varies greatly, ranging from Arbor plants, shrubs plants to herbaceous plants. The similarity of species composition increased in turn. There was a significant correlation between species distribution of Arbor and shrub plants in rural landscape. The relationship between herbaceous plants and species distribution of Arbor and shrub plants is not obvious. 3) the level of biodiversity is closely related to the type of landscape elements. Each landscape element type has different plant species composition. Therefore, the survival of many plant species needs heterogeneity landscape elements. 4) through the landscape transformation of pure chestnut forest, the new plant species composition is increased, and the species diversity of shrub layer is improved significantly. The species diversity in herbaceous layer was not significantly affected. The community structure of the whole stand tends to be stable. 5) the species diversity in the rural landscape elements is affected by greening measures and alien invasive plants. Artificial greening can increase the park. Species diversity of trees and shrubs in rivers and roads. High coverage of herbaceous greening will reduce the diversity of herbaceous species in parks and rivers. The common invasive alien species of lotus seed in rural roads is the main dominant species of herbaceous. But there was no significant effect on the species diversity of native herbaceous community. In the rural environment, the distribution of Arbor diversity was affected by land use type and adjacent patch type. The distribution of shrub plant diversity was influenced by land use patterns and adjacent patch types. The environmental factors of forest cover and population density were significant. The distribution of herbaceous plant diversity was significantly affected by green rate and forest cover, and the rural environmental factors had a significant effect on the distribution of species diversity.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：Q948

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