哈尔滨25种植物滞留颗粒物及绿地细粒物变化特征研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 01:33

  本文关键词： 哈尔滨绿化树种 滞留颗粒物能力 叶表微形态 城市绿地 细粒物质量浓度　出处：《东北林业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：目前城市大气颗粒物污染已成为城市环境最严峻的污染问题,严重威胁动、植物及人体健康。城市绿地具有降低局地大气颗粒物浓度的作用,绿地降低颗粒物的效益与植物叶片特征及绿地结构密切相关。因此,在植物个体层面,本研究通过测定植物单位叶面积滞留颗粒物质量、观察叶表形态特征比较了哈尔滨常见绿化植物滞留颗粒物的能力及其与叶表形态的关系；从群体层面研究了不同郁闭度和不同结构绿地内部细粒物(PM1.0、PM2.5)质量浓度变化规律及细粒物与气象要素的关系。以期为哈尔滨城市绿地建设选择适宜的绿化植物和绿地结构提供参考。主要研究结果如下：1.哈尔滨绿化植物滞留颗粒物能力的结果表明：不同植物单位叶面积滞留颗粒物质量差异显著,9种乔木滞留颗粒物的能力依次为：桑树梓树山桃稠李水曲柳旱柳暴马丁香杏华北卫矛白桦；16种灌木滞留颗粒物的能力依次为：金山绣线菊珍珠绣线菊榆叶梅锦带花金焰绣线菊小叶丁香圆锥八仙花茶条槭红瑞木东北连翘红王子锦带花天目琼花红丁香接骨木紫丁香水蜡。城市绿化过程中可在同类绿化植物中选择滞留颗粒物能力较强的种类,在满足景观需求的同时最大程度地发挥植物滞留颗粒物的效益。2.通过植物叶表形态与滞留细粒物能力对比发现：细胞不规则排列形成的起伏、小室或沟槽、曲折的细胞轮廓线等形态结构利于叶表滞留颗粒物；较深的纹饰、分布不均匀的蜡质层利于滞留颗粒物,间断而较浅的纹饰及平滑的角质膜不利于叶表对颗粒物的滞留；气孔和表皮毛密度越大,滞留颗粒物能力越高。依据植物叶表形态特征选择滞留颗粒物能力较高的绿化植物对降低城市局地细粒物浓度、净化空气具有重要意义。3.城市绿地内部空气细粒物质量浓度低于对照道路,绿地内部细粒物质量浓度随着绿地郁闭度的增大而减小,郁闭度超过0.9时绿地绿地内部细粒物质量浓度下降明显。4.不同结构绿地内部空气细粒物质量浓度规律表现为：乔灌草结构绿地乔草结构绿地草地灌草结构绿地,阔叶林针叶林。绿地内部日间细粒物质量浓度表现为上午明显高于下午,高峰多出现在8：00,谷值多出现在14：00～16：00,之后稍有回升。5.绿地内部细粒物质量浓度与叶面积指数(LAI)负相关达到显著水平,与郁闭度负相关。气象要素与细粒物质量浓度的关系较复杂,温度与颗粒物基本呈负相关,温度超过25℃～27℃时细粒物随温度的增大下降较明显；相对湿度与颗粒物呈正相关,但相对湿度大于85%时,细粒物质量浓度随相对湿度的增大而减小；风速与颗粒物基本呈负相关关系,但风速达到1.1 m/s之后,颗粒物浓度随风速的增大而增加。
[Abstract]:At present, urban atmospheric particulate pollution has become the most serious pollution problem in urban environment, which seriously threatens the health of animals, plants and human beings. The benefit of reducing particulate matter in green space is closely related to the characteristics of plant leaves and the structure of green space. Therefore, at the individual plant level, the quality of particulate matter per unit leaf area of plant was measured in this study. The characteristics of leaf surface morphology were observed and the relationship between the retention of particulate matter and leaf surface morphology of common greening plants in Harbin was compared. The variation law of mass concentration of PM1.0 / PM2.5) and the relationship between fine particles and meteorological elements in green space with different canopy density and structure were studied in order to select suitable greening plants and green for the construction of urban green space in Harbin. The main results of the study are as follows: 1. The ability of plants to retain particulate matter in Harbin greening plants shows that there are significant differences in the quality of retention particles per unit leaf area of different plants and the ability of 9 species of trees to retain particulate matter. The ability of 16 kinds of shrubs, Bai Hua, to stay particles in order is: Jinshan embroidery, pearl stitch, hyacinth, leaf, plum, brocade flowers, Jin Yan, small leaves, cloves, cones, flowers, flowers, cloves, apricots, apricots, apricots, northern china, china, china, china, china, china, china, china, china, china, the ability of remaining particulates in turn. Acer sinensis, red ruffles, northeast forsythia, red prince, brocade, flowers, Agar, red clove, Elder, lilac, lilac, water wax. In the course of urban greening, the species with strong ability of remaining particles can be selected from the similar greening plants. At the same time, the benefits of plant residual particles were maximized. 2. Through the comparison of plant leaf surface morphology and the ability of remaining fine particles, we found that the irregular arrangement of cells resulted in fluctuations, chambers or grooves. Zigzag cell contours and other morphological structures are conducive to the retention of particulate matter on the leaf surface, while deeper ornaments and uneven waxy layers are favorable to the retention of particulate matter, while intermittent and shallow ornaments and smooth keratinocytes are not conducive to the retention of particulate matter on the leaf surface. The higher the density of stomata and epidermis, the higher the retention ability of particulate matter. According to the morphological characteristics of plant leaves, the greening plants with higher residual particulate matter ability can reduce the concentration of local fine particles in the city. The quality concentration of fine particles in urban green space is lower than that in the control road, and the concentration of fine particles in green space decreases with the increase of canopy density. When the canopy density was over 0.9, the concentration of fine grain in green space decreased obviously. 4. The law of quality concentration of air fine grain in different structure green space was as follows: Arbor, shrub structure, green space, grass structure, grass structure, grass structure, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass, grass and grass. In broad-leaved coniferous forest, the concentration of daytime fine grains in green space was significantly higher in the morning than in the afternoon. The peak appeared at 8: 00, and the valley appeared at 14: 00 at 16: 00, then rose slightly. 5. There was a significant negative correlation between fine grain mass concentration and leaf area index (Lai) and a negative correlation with canopy density. The relationship between meteorological factors and fine grain mass concentration was more complex. When the temperature is over 25 鈩，

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