近20年来纳帕海湿地景观格局变化及其对黑颈鹤生境质量的影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-21 20:31

本文选题：纳帕海湿地　切入点：景观格局　出处：《云南大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：湿地景观变化研究有助于识别湿地的生态过程,预测湿地的变化态势。生境质量评价则可以帮助制定合理科学的湿地保护和管理措施。纳帕海湿地是最具有代表性的季节性高原湖沼湿地类型,是黑颈鹤重要的越冬栖息地之一,对其景观格局变化及其对黑颈鹤生境质量开展研究,提出保护和管理湿地生态系统对策,对发掘纳帕海湿地生态潜力具有重要的意义。本文以湿地学和景观生态学理论为基础,以ENVI和ArcGIS平台为支撑,通过解译纳帕海湿地1995年、2005年和2014年旱季的LandsatTM\ETM+遥感影像,研究三个时期的景观格局状况,分析纳帕海湿地景观格局变化和驱动因子,并对景观格局变化背景下越冬黑颈鹤生境质量进行评价。主要结论如下： 1.从景观类型的面积来看,研究区景观变化显著,主要表现为明水湿地和沼泽-湿草甸等自然湿地景观占比的显著减少和中生草甸、建设用地以及裸地等非湿地景观类型占比的大幅度增加。1995-2005年,明水湿地减少了263.82hm2,降幅达24.84%,沼泽-湿草甸减少了14.29hm2,降幅达1.60%；2005～2014年,明水湿地减少了422.22hm2,降幅达52.90%,沼泽-湿草甸减少了359.15hm2,降幅达40.78%。从1995-2014年,明水湿地在20年间降幅达64.60%,沼泽-湿草甸降幅达41.73%。2005～2014年湿地景观丧失的面积大于1995-2005年丧失的面积,湿地景观丧失的速率也明显快于1995～2005年。 2.从景观格局指数来看,1995-2005年期间,斑块数量增加,平均斑块面积减少,斑块之间的平均距离减少,香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数增加,景观指数的变化说明,这一时期研究区景观破碎化显著,主要以湿地景观破碎化为主；2005-2014年期间,斑块数量减少,平均斑块面积增加,香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数均减少,这一时期湿地生态变化主要是湿地景观向非湿地景观转变,景观多样性降低。前一时期,景观格局变化以破碎化为主,后一时期以湿地景观向非湿地景观斑块转变为主。]995-2014年期间,研究区景观呈现显著的退化,景观多样性降低。 3.纳帕海景观变化主要受自然和人为两方面因素的影响,其中人为干扰影响较为显著。人为干扰主要指湿地围垦政策,当地居民不合理无序的湿地开发行为。近些年来,对纳帕海湿地景观格局的影响较为显著的活动主要是：周边公路的改建、湿地落水洞的改造以及当地居民的放牧活动等,这些都对湿地生态的演替产生了直接影响。加上受全球性气候变暖的趋势的影响,纳帕海地区气候呈现暖干的趋势,气候变化和人为活动的叠加效应加剧了纳帕海湿地的逆向演替进程。 4.通过野外实地调查和查阅资料,确定影响黑颈鹤生境质量的三大主要因子：人为干扰因子、食物因子和水分条件,本文根据主要生境因子建立黑颈鹤生境质量评价模型。从生境质量评价结果来看,黑颈鹤栖息地适宜生境和次适宜生境面积呈持续下降趋势,不适宜和次不适宜生境面积呈上升趋势,栖息地破碎化显著,由在坝区均匀分布演变为在研究区北部集中分布。根据研究区景观格局变化、驱动力分析以及黑颈鹤生境质量评价结果,本研究最后从树立科学发展观、提高湿地的保护观念、采取工程措施以及提高管理能力等方面提出了保护纳帕海湿地的对策和建议。针对黑颈鹤而言,从注重加强栖息地的保护与恢复,合理调节水位、保障栖息生境,减少人为干扰和环境污染以及提高宣教能力建设等方面提出了保护其栖息地的措施。
[Abstract]:Study on the ecological processes of wetland landscape changes contribute to the identification of wetlands, wetland change situation prediction. Habitat quality evaluation can help to develop scientific and rational wetland protection and management measures. Napahai Wetland is the most representative of the lake wetland seasonal plateau type, is one of the important wintering habitat of black necked cranes, the landscape the pattern of variation of black necked Crane Habitat quality research, put forward the protection and management of wetland ecosystem countermeasures, has important significance to explore the ecological potential of Napahai Wetland. This paper takes the wetland science and landscape ecology theory as the basis, using ENVI and ArcGIS platform as the support, through the interpretation of Napahai wetland in 2005 and 1995, LandsatTMETM+ remote sensing image the dry season of 2014, the landscape patterns of the three period of the study, analysis of landscape pattern change in Napahai Wetland and driving factors, and the landscape pattern changes The evaluation of habitat quality under the background of black necked cranes. The main conclusions are as follows:
From the 1. types of landscape area, the landscape changed significantly, mainly for the water - wet meadow wetlands and marsh natural wetland landscape proportion was significantly reduced and in the meadow, the construction of non wetland landscape types and bare land accounted for a substantial increase in.1995-2005 years, Mingshui wetland decreased 263.82hm2 decline 24.84%, marsh wet meadow decreased by 14.29hm2, a drop of 1.60%; 2005~2014 years, Mingshui wetland decreased 422.22hm2, a drop of 52.90%, marsh wet meadow decreased by 359.15hm2, a drop of 40.78%. from 1995-2014 years in 20 years, the wetland water drop of 64.60%, a drop of 41.73%.2005 wet meadow marsh wetland landscape lost ~ 2014 the area of more than 1995-2005 years the size of the loss, the loss rate of wetland landscape is faster than 1995~2005 years.
2. from the landscape pattern index, a period of 1995-2005 years, the number of patches increased, the average patch area decreased, the average distance between patches decreased, Shannon Shannon diversity index and evenness index increased, indicating the changes of landscape index, landscape fragmentation during this period of study area significantly, mainly in the wetland landscape fragmentation; during the 2005-2014 years the number of patches decreased, the average patch area increased, Shannon's diversity index and Shannon's evenness index decreased, the change of wetland ecological this period is mainly the change of wetland landscape to non wetland landscape, landscape diversity decreased. The previous period, the landscape pattern changes to fragmentation, after a period of wetland landscape to non wetland landscape plaque change during the period of.]995-2014, the landscape is significantly degraded, landscape diversity decreased.
The 3. Napa Lake landscape change is mainly affected by natural and human factors of two aspects, including the influence of human disturbance is more significant. Human disturbance mainly refers to the wetland reclamation policy, wetland development behavior of the local residents unreasonable disorder. In recent years, the Napahai Wetland Landscape Pattern affect the more significant activities are: the surrounding highway reconstruction the transformation, wetland sinkholes and local residents grazing activities, has a direct impact on the wetland ecological succession. The influence of global warming trend, the climate is Napahai warm dry trend, combined effects of climate change and human activities aggravate the adverse succession process in Napahai Wetland.
4. through field investigation and consulting data, to determine the influence of three main factors: the black necked Crane Habitat quality disturbance factor, food factors and water conditions, this paper establishes the evaluation model according to the habitat quality of black necked Crane main habitat factors. The habitat quality evaluation results, and the black necked Crane Habitat suitable habitat suitable habitat area showed a declining trend, not the suitable and unsuitable habitat area increased significantly by habitat fragmentation, in the evolution of uniform distribution concentrated in the northern part of the study area.
According to the change of the landscape pattern, driving force analysis and the black necked Crane Habitat quality evaluation results, this research finally set up from Scientific Outlook on Development, improve wetland protection concept, put forward the countermeasure and suggestion of the Napahai Wetland Protection Measures and improve the management ability. For strengthening from black necked cranes, and restoration of habitat protection, reasonable water level regulation, protection of habitat, the habitat protection measures and improve education capacity building to reduce human disturbance and environmental pollution.

【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：Q958;P901

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