甲积峪小流域农业生态系统服务价值评估与优化

发布时间：2018-04-13 11:08

本文选题：小流域 + 生态系统服务　；参考：《西南大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：研究农业生态系统服务旨在指导和完善对农业生态系统的管理,确保农业生态系统的保护与可持续利用。从小流域尺度来分析农业生态系统服务,研究生态系统服务与小流域治理的关系,探讨农业生态系统服务进一步提升的制约因素和不同规划措施下小流域农业生态系统服务优化效果,为小流域综合治理从生态系统服务角度提供参考依据。甲积峪属于黄土高原地区典型小流域。本文选择甲积峪小流域作为研究对象,根据三期(1998、2006和2012年)土地利用分布图,采用生态系统服务价值评估方法计算不同时期、经过不同措施综合治理的生态系统服务价值。在此基础上进一步分析影响小流域农业生态系统服务的因素及对服务价值提升的影响,明确小流域农业生态系统服务价值进一步提升的限制因素,利用空间格局转移对小流域农业景观进行优化；最后利用多目标线性规划方法调整土地利用结构,对比分析5种权衡小流域农业生态系统的食物生产服务与其他服务价值的情景,对农业生态系统服务进行优化。主要研究结果如下：(1)生态系统服务价值评估结果表明：1998年甲积峪小流域生态系统服务价值为1355.89万元,其中农业生态系统服务为1264.11万元,经过各阶段的治理,农业生态系统服务大幅度的增加,2006年增幅为48.12%,2012年为119.31%。甲积峪15年间除坡耕地的服务价值下降外,其余土地利用类型的服务价值上升,1998-2012年对农业生态系统服务价值增长贡献率最大的为梯田服务价值增长,其次为乔木林,再次为经济林。农业生态系统各项服务价值对比,15年间保持土壤、维持生物多样性所占比例较大,食物生产、废物处理、保持土壤服务价值比例持续下降。(2)影响农业生态系统服务价值的变化因素分析表明：水土流失严重、干旱缺水、耕地质量差是自然条件制约生态系统服务的重要因素,要提升小流域农业生态系统服务就要解决这些问题；农业种植结构调整提升了农业生态系统服务价值；小流域治理措施的实施对小流域农业生态系统服务提升影响最为突出,坡改梯、人工种草、退耕还林、荒草地转移为林地等措施都会提升生态系统服务价值,坡耕地转移为荒草地使生态系统服务价值降低。(3)1998-2012年,小流域农业景观格局变化较复杂,坡耕地的变化最大,分别转移为了未利用地、梯田、林地、草地、果园,而又有部分未利用地变化为林地、建设用地和草地。1998-2012年,未利用地、坡耕地斑块数量下降明显,林地、草地景观斑块数量增加明显；占据优势和主导地位的景观类型由坡耕地变为未利用地随后又变为梯田；平均斑块面积变化最大的景观类型为坡耕地、梯田景观,其中梯田增幅最大,坡耕地降幅最大,林地、草地平均斑块面积逐渐增加。1998-2012年小流域农业景观多样性指数逐渐增加,均匀度指数逐渐增加,优势度指数逐渐降低,景观破碎化指数先降低后增加。依据小流域治理过程中的各项治理措施对坡耕地和荒草地进行景观转移优化,给出可以转移后景观类型及面积,为农业生态系统服务优化的多目标线性规划提供约束条件。(4)农业生态系统服务优化结果显示：情景五“其他服务最优”的优化方案是最适宜方案,规划后农业生态系统服务总价值为3706.21万元,较2012年增加了33.68%。小流域农业生态系统单位面积土壤保持量为439.13 t/hm2/a,比2012年增加了3.49%。与2012年相比,总斑块数量减少,优势度指数增加,破碎化程度降低,规划后景观分布更加均匀,总体上使得农业景观空间格局更加合理,达到了规划的目的。
[Abstract]:Study on agricultural ecosystem services to guide and improve the agricultural ecological system management, to ensure the protection of agricultural ecological system and sustainable utilization. Analysis of agricultural ecosystem services from small watershed scale, the relationship between ecosystem services and management of small watershed, the effect factors of optimization services to further enhance the ecological service system of agricultural industry and different planning measures of agricultural eco system in small watershed, provide a reference for the comprehensive management of small watershed services from the perspective of ecosystem. Jiajiyu belongs to the typical small watershed in the Loess Plateau area. This paper chooses Jiajiyu Watershed as the research object, according to the three period (19982006 and 2012) the land use map, the ecosystem service value assessment method the calculation of different period, through the comprehensive management of different measures of ecosystem service value. On the basis of further analysis of the influence of small Factors of agricultural watershed ecosystem services and improve the value of service, limiting factors clear agricultural ecosystem service value to further enhance the utilization of small watershed, spatial pattern transfer of agricultural landscape of small watershed optimization; finally, multi-objective linear programming using the method of adjusting land use structure, comparative analysis of 5 kinds of agricultural watershed ecosystem balance the production of food and other services value scenarios on agricultural ecosystem service optimization. The main results are as follows: (1) the value of ecosystem services assessment results show that: in 1998, a product of the ecological system of small watershed valley value is 13 million 558 thousand and 900 yuan, of which agricultural ecosystem services is 12 million 641 thousand and 100 yuan, through the management of each stage, increase the service range of the agricultural ecosystem, an increase of 48.12% in 2006, 2012 119.31%. Jiajiyu 15 years in slope farmland, clothing The service value decreased, the rest of the land use types of service value rise, 1998-2012 years of agricultural ecosystem services value growth contribution rate for the largest terrace service value growth, followed by the trees, again for the economic forest. Agricultural ecosystem services value comparison, 15 years of soil conservation, biodiversity maintenance accounted for a larger proportion of, food production, waste treatment, soil conservation service value ratio continued to decline. (2) the influence factors of agricultural ecosystem services value analysis shows that serious soil erosion, drought, and cultivated land quantity difference is an important factor restricting the natural conditions of ecosystem services, to enhance the agricultural watershed ecosystem services to solve these the problem; the adjustment of agricultural planting structure to enhance the agricultural ecosystem service value; the implementation of watershed management measures on agricultural watershed ecosystem services. Rise of the impact of the most prominent, terracing, artificial grass, forest, grassland and other measures for the transfer of forest land will increase the value of ecosystem services, slope farmland transfer to grassland ecosystem service value decreased. (3) 1998-2012 years, agricultural watershed landscape pattern change is complex, change of slope land the largest, respectively in order to transfer the unused land, woodland, grassland, terraced fields, orchards, and some unused land to forest land and grassland.1998-2012 years of construction, unused land, farmland patch number decreased significantly, the number of forest land, grass landscape patches increased significantly; the dominant and dominant landscape types from the slope farmland into unused land into terraced fields and landscape types; the biggest change is the average patch area of slope farmland, terraced landscape, of which the largest increase in the largest decline, terraces, slope farmland woodland grassland, average patch area Increased.1998-2012 years agricultural watershed landscape diversity index increased, evenness index increased gradually, the dominance index decreased, the landscape fragmentation index decreased first and then increased. On the basis of the control measures of governance process in small watershed on sloping farmland and grassland in the landscape transfer optimization, and the area of landscape types can be given after the transfer and provide constraints for multi-objective linear programming and optimization of eco agricultural system. (4) the agricultural ecosystem service optimization results show that optimal scenario five "best service" is the most suitable scheme, planning of agricultural ecosystem service total value of 37 million 62 thousand and 100 yuan, compared with 2012 increased agricultural ecological system of small units 33.68%. basin area soil conservation amount is 439.13 t/hm2/a, than in 2012 increased by 3.49%. compared with 2012, the total number of patches decreased, the dominance index increased, The fragmentation degree decreased, landscape distribution is more uniform, the overall agricultural landscape spatial pattern is more reasonable, reached the purpose of planning.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S181

【引证文献】