基于多源数据的南京城市热环境演变与成因研究

发布时间：2018-04-17 05:16

本文选题：城市化 + 近地层热岛　；参考：《南京信息工程大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：城市化过程改变土地利用/覆盖类型的同时也改变了地表物化性质及与大气间的水分、能量等物质交换过程,进而影响了城市热环境。城市热环境恶化会引发一系列限制城市可持续发展的环境、生态安全问题。南京是中国大城市之一,夏季素有“火炉”之称,城市热环境状况不容乐观。本文以历史气象数据、遥感数据、实验观测数据等多源数据,对南京近地层和地表热环境的时空演变特征进行分析和评价,从多角度探讨南京城市化发展对热环境的影响及城市热环境的形成原因,并在此基础上提出改善城市热环境的相应策略。论文的主要研究成果和结论如下：(1)南京及周边近20年城市化进程明显,2002年后是南京城市化发展加速期,建筑用地约以年均1.37%速度增加。1988-2013年植被区面积以年均0.88%速度下降。(2)对历史气象数据统计分析表明：南京近地层城市热岛效应明显,以平均气温、最高气温和最低气温计算的1961-2013年53年平均的热岛强度分别为0.40℃、0.41℃和0.43℃；近地层年平均热岛强度在80、90年代增强,且基于最低气温计算的热岛强度增强趋势更加明显；基于平均和最低气温计算的热岛强度均呈现3-5月最强,9-10月次之,冬季最弱,基于最高气温计算的热岛强度在3-5月和7-9月出现峰值；南京近地层热岛强度在无雾、晴朗无风天气条件下最强。观测数据表明近地层热岛强度夜间强于白天,晴天强于阴天。(3)遥感数据反演的南京地表温度时空分布特征与下垫面土地利用/覆盖类型密切相关,春夏季地表温度的标准差高于秋冬季的。基于均值标准差法划分的南京地表热场等级空间上存在年际和季节变化,2002年前主城区内高温以上热场等级集中,之后高温以上热场等级多出现在新城区；4-9月,中高温以上地表热场等级主要分布在城市建成区,10月-翌年的2月,城市建成区的地表热环境状况和周边郊区基本相当,且当日平均气温较低时出现城市地表“冷岛”效应；25年来,南京中高温以上等级热场面积逐年上升,且以次高温区面积占比上升为主。(4)南京快速城市化发展对热环境有一定影响,自2000年南京近地层的高温和热浪天气年均出现频次增加,且37℃以上高温天气增加明显,热浪期间最高温度再次可达40℃以上；南京站近地层气温年均日较差较郊区句容站的下降趋势明显；南京工业区、旧城区和新城区地表热岛强度存在年际和年变化,城市化快速发展促使新城区地表热岛强度增强明显,自2002年后夏季7级以上地表异常高温区主要出现在新城区；快速城市化发展改变了南京热力景观的数量、形态和结构特征,25年来,研究区强等级热力景观面积有增大趋势,城市空间上的迅速扩张,打碎了2002年前位于旧城区的8级最大热力景观斑块,景观异质性增强；伴随南京“填充式”的城市发展模式,斑块混合分布程度先增后减,高等级热力景观斑块形状越来越规则。(5)各气象因子对近地层热岛强度的贡献度大小次序为：暖季,总日照时数风速气压总降雨量相对湿度水汽压；冷季,总日照时数水汽压风速相对湿度总降雨量气压；夜间边界层存在逆温时有利于热岛的形成和加强；城市化发展促进近地层热岛强度增强；城市地表热环境的空间分布受不同土地利用/覆盖类型、城市不同功能区、不同建筑屋顶材质(颜色)等因素的影响大。对2013年8级异常高温区实况调查表明,工业区、个别工厂厂房、商业区、大型广场、裸地、重要交通枢纽及山脊林地是异常高温出现的原因。建议改善城市环境可以从城市水体和绿化空间配置、城市通风、建筑物布局、城市化过程、建筑材料使用、温室气体排放、人为热排放、工业区布局和工业热排放等几个方面重点考虑。
[Abstract]:Land use / land cover types also change the surface properties and water between the atmosphere and the change of city, exchange of energy and other substances, thereby affecting the city thermal environment. City thermal environment deterioration will lead to a series of restrictions on the sustainable development of the city environment, ecological security problems. Nanjing is one of the big city Chinese in the summer, has been called the "stove", heat environment in the city is not optimistic. Based on historical meteorological data, remote sensing data, multi-source data observation data, the Nanjing surface layer and surface thermal environment evolution characteristics of analysis and evaluation, to explore the causes of the development of Nanjing city's effect on thermal environment and city heat the environment from various angles, and puts forward corresponding strategies to improve the thermal environment of the city. The main research results and conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) in Nanjing and the surrounding city of nearly 20 years The process is after 2002, the development of Nanjing city construction land about accelerating period, at an annual rate of 1.37% increase in.1988-2013 vegetation area decreased at an annual pace of 0.88%. (2) based on the statistical analysis of historical meteorological data: near the ground in Nanjing urban heat island effect, with average temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature calculation of 1961-2013 years the 53 year average UHI intensity was 0.40 degrees, 0.41 degrees and 0.43 degrees; the surface layer average heat island intensity enhancement in the 80,90 era, and the heat island intensity calculation based on minimum temperature were increased; the average minimum temperature and heat island intensity calculation showed the strongest 3-5 months based on 9-10 months time, the lowest in winter. The highest temperature calculation of heat island intensity peak at 3-5 and 7-9 months, based on the surface layer of heat island intensity in Nanjing; no fog, sunny and windless weather conditions near earth observation data shows that the strongest. The night is stronger than the intensity of heat island layer during the day, sunny to cloudy. (3) surface and land use / land surface temperature of Nanjing spatial distribution characteristics of remote sensing data coverage are closely related to the type of standard, the surface temperature difference in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. There is interannual and seasonal variability of Nanjing surface thermal field grade space division mean standard difference method based on the above, the main city in 2002 before the thermal field level concentration, after high temperature thermal field level in more than 4-9 months, the new city; in high temperature above the surface thermal field distribution level of built-up area in the city, from October to February next year, the city built surface thermal environment and the surrounding suburban areas is there city surface cold island effect and the average temperature is low; in 25 years, Nanjing high above grade heat area increased year by year, and the area in high temperature region accounted for the rise. (4 Nanjing city) rapid development has a certain effect on the thermal environment, the temperature near the ground in Nanjing since 2000 and the average annual increase of the frequency of heatwaves, and more than 37 DEG C high temperature weather increased significantly, the highest temperature during the heat wave again can reach more than 40 DEG C; the average annual temperature of surface layer on the NanJing Railway Station is poor suburb of Jurong station decreased significantly; Nanjing Industrial Zone, there are annual and seasonal changes in the old city and the new city heat island intensity, the rapid development of the new city urban surface heat island intensity increased significantly, since 2002 after the summer more than 7 surface abnormal high temperature occurred mainly in the new city; rapid development of Nanjing city changed the number of thermal landscape, morphology and structure characteristics 25 years, the high level of thermal landscape area increases and the rapid expansion of the city space, broke before 2002 is located in the old city of the 8 largest thermal Landscape patch, landscape heterogeneity increased; with Nanjing "infill" mode of city development, plaque mixture distribution degree increased first and then decreased, the high grade thermal landscape patch shape is more regular. (5) the contribution of various meteorological factors of near surface heat island intensity of the size of the order: the warm season, the total sunshine duration, wind speed total rainfall, relative humidity air vapor pressure; the cold season, the total sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity of total rainfall water vapor pressure; nocturnal boundary layer inversion is favorable for the heat island formation and strengthen city development; promote the intensity of heat island enhanced surface layer; surface thermal environment of the city affected by the spatial distribution of different land use / cover types. The different functional areas of different city, the roof of the building material (color) and other factors. To live in 2013 8 abnormal high temperature zone survey, industrial zone, individual factories, commercial areas, large square, The bare land, forest land is an important traffic hub and the ridge causes abnormal high temperature occurred. The suggestions to improve the city environment from the city water and green space allocation, city ventilation, building layout, city process, building materials, greenhouse gas emissions and anthropogenic heat emissions, several industrial layout and industrial heat emissions and other key consideration.

【学位授予单位】：南京信息工程大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X16

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