长春市应急避难场所空间格局及效能评价

发布时间：2018-05-19 10:30

本文选题：应急避难场所 + 空间布局　；参考：《东北师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：自二十世纪以来,人类社会与科学技术飞速发展,社会文明不断进步。人类不断放弃落后的村落,纷纷向城市集中,带来了世界范围内的城市化现象。随着城市化现象的不断加剧,城市开始迅速扩张,大量人口伴随着巨大的个人财产也随之聚集起来。与此同时,人为因素滋生的社会灾害(爆炸、时疫、恐怖袭击等)以及自然因素产生的自然灾害(地震、洪水、泥石流等)均不断发生。由于人口和社会财富的高度集中,这些灾害所带来的风险及影响是巨大的。因此,在灾害发生的各个阶段,应急避难场所均是城市居民重要的避险和候援的重要场所。然而,由于城市功能、规模的多样化、复杂化,以及城市运行和发展的自由化,应急避难场所必须具备多重身份,才能够更好的利用有限的城市土地资源。因此,对应急避难场所的选址、布局、可达性研究具有重要的理论意义和社会价值。本文以吉林省长春市主城区为研究区域,综合应用景观生态学评价方法、交通网络邻近度评价方法、格网GIS以及遥感影像解译技术,对长春市现有的337个临时应急避难场所以及37个已挂牌应急避难场所的空间布局、可达性进行了分析与评价。同时对长春市应急避难场所空间布局提出优化策略,并通过模拟予以验证。论文研究划分为五个章节。第一章绪论。阐述本论文的研究背景:从城市安全研究,空间格局理论与实践,以及评价三方面讨论了论文的宏观背景,然后对研究区域进行介绍,并解释研究意义。第二章国内外文献综述。从应急避难场所规划布局,应急避难管理,应急避难场所评价,研究方法及尺度上对国内外文献进行辨析论述。总结归纳国内外研究特点与不足。第三章研究方法、内容与技术路线。在前人研究的基础上,借鉴景观格局指数,交通网络指数描述临时应急避难场所分布规律特征,运用格网GIS与最邻近设施寻找服务区,运用改进后的高斯两部移动搜索法对现存已挂牌避难场所进行可达性评价。最后提出可加以利用且符合市民需求的应急避难场所建设。对现有的布局做出补充。第四章应急避难场所空间格局。在前文研究基础上,展示应急避难场所空间布局,利用景观格局指数及交通网络邻近度评价应急避难场所空间分布。第五章应急避难场所效能评价。分析长春市临时应急避难场所的分布状况后,对获得政府挂牌的应急避难场所进行服务区、可达性、布局优化等分析。第六章结论与讨论1.过计算相关指数,认为长春市临时应急避难场所总体上呈均匀分布,同时也符合地理学中距离衰减,即从市中心向郊区,应急避难场所之间的距离由小到大,密度由密到疏。2.过最邻近设施计算得出应急避难场所的服务区:中心城区服务区较小,而城市外围地区服务区面积较大。两部移动搜索法计算出格网内可达性呈明显多中心极化现象。城市东部及北部需要进一步优化。
[Abstract]:Since the 20th century, human society and science and technology have developed rapidly and social civilization has been progressing. Human beings give up backward villages and concentrate in cities, which brings urbanization phenomenon all over the world. As urbanization intensifies, cities begin to expand rapidly, and large numbers of people gather with huge personal property. At the same time, social disasters (explosion, time epidemic, terrorist attack, etc.) and natural disasters (earthquake, flood, debris flow, etc.) caused by human factors occur constantly. Due to the high concentration of population and social wealth, the risks and effects of these disasters are enormous. Therefore, in every stage of disaster, emergency shelter is an important place for urban residents to avoid risks and wait for assistance. However, due to the diversity and complexity of urban functions, scale, and the liberalization of urban operation and development, emergency shelters must have multiple identities in order to make better use of limited urban land resources. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance and social value to study the location, layout and accessibility of emergency shelter. In this paper, the landscape ecology evaluation method, traffic network proximity evaluation method, grid GIS and remote sensing image interpretation technology are applied to the main urban area of Changchun City, Jilin Province, and comprehensive application of landscape ecology evaluation method, traffic network proximity evaluation method, and remote sensing image interpretation technology. The spatial distribution and accessibility of 337 temporary emergency shelters and 37 listed emergency shelters in Changchun are analyzed and evaluated. At the same time, the optimization strategy of the space layout of emergency shelter in Changchun is put forward and verified by simulation. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is introduction. This paper expounds the research background of this paper: it discusses the macroscopic background of the thesis from three aspects: the study of urban safety, the theory and practice of spatial pattern, and the evaluation, then introduces the research area and explains the significance of the research. Chapter two: literature review at home and abroad. From the planning layout of emergency shelter, emergency shelter management, emergency shelter evaluation, research methods and scale of the literature at home and abroad were analyzed and discussed. Summarize and summarize the characteristics and shortcomings of domestic and foreign research. The third chapter studies the method, the content and the technical route. On the basis of previous studies, using the landscape pattern index and traffic network index to describe the distribution characteristics of temporary emergency shelter sites, we use grid GIS and nearest facilities to find service areas. The improved Gao Si mobile search method is used to evaluate the accessibility of the existing sheltered places. Finally, the construction of emergency shelter which can be used and meets the needs of citizens is put forward. Supplement the existing layout. Chapter IV the spatial pattern of emergency shelter. On the basis of the previous study, the spatial distribution of emergency shelter was demonstrated, and the spatial distribution of emergency shelter was evaluated by using landscape pattern index and traffic network proximity. Chapter V Evaluation of the effectiveness of emergency shelter. After analyzing the distribution of temporary emergency shelters in Changchun City, the service area, accessibility and layout optimization of emergency shelters listed by the government are analyzed. Chapter VI conclusion and discussion 1. By calculating the relative index, it is considered that the temporary emergency shelters in Changchun are uniformly distributed in general, and also accord with the distance attenuation in geography, that is, the distance between the emergency shelters from the city center to the suburbs is from small to large, and the density is from dense to sparse. 2. The service area of the emergency shelter is calculated by the nearest facilities: the service area in the central urban area is smaller, while the service area in the peripheral area is larger. The results show that the reachability in the grid is obviously multi-center polarization by the two-part mobile search method. The eastern and northern parts of the city need further optimization.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU984.116

【参考文献】