梵净山生态环境演化全球对比分析与世界遗产价值

发布时间：2018-08-08 13:33

【摘要】：世界自然遗产地是在自然景观、地质地貌、生物生态方面具有突出普遍价值的杰出代表地,同时也是大自然赋予人类的宝贵资源和财产。梵净山因其具有独特的生物生态价值成为世界自然遗产提名地,它是亚热带山地森林生态环境演化的杰出代表。因此,为了论证梵净山在生态环境演化方面具有突出普遍价值,需探究梵净山气候、植被、地质地貌是如何随地质年代进行演化与变迁的,从而得出梵净山在生态过程标准下所具有的世界自然遗产价值。根据地理学、地质学、孢粉学、生态学等相关学科的基本理论与研究方法,于2014-2016年以梵净山世界自然遗产提名地为研究区域,首先,运用景观生态学理论以梵净山生态系统为研究对象论证梵净山的生态孤岛效应;其次,通过野外采样与实验分析,运用14C定年、环境代用指标和孢粉鉴定等研究手段探究梵净山在全新世以来的生态环境演化过程;最后,运用对比分析方法将梵净山与其他具有亚热带森林生态系统的世界自然遗产地、世界自然遗产提名地和非遗产地进行全球对比分析,分析梵净山所具有的世界自然遗产价值的独特性与代表性。得出以下主要结论:(1)梵净山凸显了由喀斯特生态系统过渡到非喀斯特生态系统的生态环境演化特征,并且完整地展现了其生态孤岛生态环境演化过程,即独特的地质起源和生态环境演化历史。其中,经历第三纪、第四纪期间的地质运动和气候变化,使得梵净山山体仍在继续抬升,这为第三纪或更早古老动植物提供重要的栖息地。并且梵净山物种的发生与分布记录了复杂的物种定居、灭绝、地方特有物种的原地演化及应对长期气候变化过程,同时也反映了其仍在持续增大的孤岛效应和对现代气候变化压力的响应。(2)首次运用环境代用化学指标,并结合孢粉记录和14c定年探究梵净山的生态环境演化,创新性的探索了梵净山在全新世时期生态环境演化过程,尤其是在亚热带山地气候下植被对气候的响应特征。梵净山完整记录了全新世时期生态环境的演化过程,包括全新世早期、中期、晚期的植被演化过程和气候演变过程,其中,在全新世中期存在一个稳定的气候适宜期。全新世时期梵净山以常绿落叶阔叶混交林为主,同时,混生有少量的针叶林类型,并且在个别时期的局部环境中有草原或草甸的形成。因此,该时期的生态环境演化很好地体现了梵净山亚热带山地气候下的常绿落叶阔叶混交林和亚高山针阔混交林生态交错带的植被对气候的响应特征。(3)通过与其他具有亚热带森林生态系统特征的遗产地、提名地和非遗产地对比,梵净山在生态孤岛演化特征和全新世时期生态环境演化特征上具有典型性和代表性。在全球对比分析中,这些具有亚热带森林生态系统特征的对比地,除了一些对比地是海洋上真正意义的生态岛屿,几乎没有对比地属于生态孤岛,且具有明显的孤岛效应。由于梵净山完整地记录了全新世早期、中期、晚期的植被演化过程和气候演变过程,很好地体现了梵净山亚热带山地气候下的植被对气候的响应特征。然而,其他对比地虽然也存在全新世时期的生态环境的演化记录,但是并没有完整地记录了全新世的整个时期演化过程。(4)梵净山是亚热带山地森林的杰出代表和东方落叶林生物地理省的独特范例,展现了数百万年来隆起于喀斯特浅丘中的生态孤岛演化过程以及全新世时期生态环境演化过程的世界自然遗产价值。梵净山是亚热带到温带植被的过渡区,常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林是梵净山植被的主体,也是东方落叶林生物地理省植被的特例。因其经历了独特的地质起源与生态环境演化过程,使得梵净山形成典型的生态孤岛,展现了显著的生态孤岛效应。同时,环境代用指标和孢粉纪录揭示了全新世时期随激烈的气候变化而发生的生态环境演化过程,进而展现了梵净山在亚热带山地气候下植被对气候的响应特征。
[Abstract]:The world natural heritage site is an outstanding representative place with outstanding universal value in the natural landscape, geological, geomorphology and biological ecology. It is also a valuable resource and property that nature endows human beings. Because of its unique biological and ecological value, van Jing mountain has become the name of the world natural heritage. It is the evolution of the ecological environment of the subtropical mountain forest. Therefore, in order to demonstrate that the van Jing mountain has a prominent universal value in the ecological environment evolution, it is necessary to explore the climate, vegetation, geological and geomorphology of the van Jing mountain to evolve and change with the geological age, and to get the value of the world natural heritage of the van Jing mountain under the standard of ecological process. The basic theories and research methods of the related disciplines such as palynology, ecology and other related disciplines have been studied in 2014-2016 years with the nomination place of the world natural heritage of the van Jing mountain. First, the theory of landscape ecology is used to demonstrate the ecological island effect of the van Jing mountain. Secondly, through the field sampling and experimental analysis, the 14C is used. In the last year, a comparative analysis was made between Vatican mountain and other world natural heritage sites with subtropical forest ecosystems, the world natural heritage nomination and non heritage sites, and the analysis of Sanskrit. With the uniqueness and representativeness of the value of the natural heritage of the world, the following main conclusions are drawn: (1) the evolution of the ecological environment of the transition from the Karst ecosystem to the non Karst ecosystem is highlighted, and the evolution process of the ecological environment of the ecological island is fully demonstrated, namely, the unique geological origin and ecological ring. In the third period, the geological movement and climate change during the Quaternary period made the vantian mountains continue to rise, which provided an important habitat for the third or earlier ancient animals and plants. And the occurrence and distribution of the vantian mountain species recorded complex species settlement, extinction, and local endemic species evolution. And responding to the process of long-term climate change, it also reflects the continued growth of the island effect and the response to the pressure of modern climate change. (2) the first use of environmental alternative chemical indicators, and the combination of sporopollen records and 14C year to explore the ecological environment of the van Jing mountain, explored the ecological environment of the Holocene epoch in the Holocene. The evolution process, especially the response characteristics of vegetation to the climate under the subtropical mountain climate. Van Jing mountain has fully recorded the evolutionary process of the Holocene ecological environment, including the early Holocene, mid-term, late vegetation evolution and climate evolution, among which there is a stable climate suitability period in the middle Holocene. At the same time, there are a small number of coniferous forests in the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, and the formation of grasslands or meadows in some local environments. Therefore, the evolution of the ecological environment in this period is a good embodiment of the mixed evergreen deciduous broadleaf mixed forest and subalpine coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in the subtropical mountain climate of the van Jing mountain. The response characteristics of vegetation to climate in the ecotone of the forest ecological ecotone. (3) through comparison with other subtropical forest ecosystem heritage sites, nomination sites and non heritage sites, the van Jing mountain is typical and representative on the evolution characteristics of the ecological island and the Holocene epoch's ecological environment evolution. The contrast of the characteristics of the subtropical forest ecosystem is that, in addition to some of the real ecological islands on the ocean, there is almost no contrast of the ecological island, and has a distinct island effect. As a complete record of the early Holocene, mid and late Holocene, the process of vegetation evolution and climate evolution is well embodied. The response characteristics of vegetation to climate in the subtropical mountain climate of the van Jing mountain are characterized. However, although there is a record of the evolution of the Holocene ecological environment in other contrasts, the whole evolution process of the Holocene is not fully recorded. (4) the van Jing mountain is an outstanding representative of the subtropical mountain forest and the Oriental deciduous forest creature. The unique example of geographic province shows the evolution of the ecological island and the world natural heritage value of the ecological environment evolution during the Holocene epoch in the shallow hills of Karst and the value of the world natural heritage in the Holocene epoch. It is also a special example of the vegetation in the biogeographic province of the Oriental deciduous forest. Because of its unique geological origin and the evolutionary process of the ecological environment, it has made the typical ecological island of the van Jing mountain, showing the remarkable ecological island effect. At the same time, the environmental substitution index and the sporopollen record revealed the birth of the period of the period of the Pliocene with the severe climate change. The evolution process of the state environment reveals the response characteristics of vegetation to climate in the subtropical mountain climate.
【学位授予单位】：贵州师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q948

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