2000-2010陕西省景观格局及其动态变化研究

发布时间：2018-08-30 09:53

【摘要】：社会-生态系统在地理空间中可视为社会-生态景观,二者均具有多层级结构,不同的尺度具有不同的运行速度与动态特征,景观格局各尺度的动态变化体现了相应层级上人类活动与生态环境间的相互作用及其动态特征,而社会-生态景观中各要素的构成比例及其空间配置是景观格局的重要因素。2000年以来,陕西省社会经济迅速发展,城市化水平显著提高,对生态环境的压力相应增大,与此同时,实施了一系列生态修复与治理工程如退耕还林(草),旨在改善环境脆弱敏感区的生态现状、治理日益突出的生态环境问题,在此背景下,陕西省的景观格局也呈现出相应变化。因此,分别以陕西省省域景观和林地景观为研究对象,运用景观生态学的基本原理和分析方法并结合GIS空间分析方法,对其空间格局动态变化进行探讨分析。基于2000年和2010年陕西省的土地覆被数据,将土地利用类型分为城市用地、林草地和农业用地,通过景观镶嵌体这一景观构成指标对陕西省省域景观格局动态特征进行分析；依据不同尺度下林地覆被的密度将林地分类为斑块型、主导型和核心型,分析林地覆被、新增林地覆被和减少林地各类型的尺度依赖特征及其动态变化,并对陕西省林地覆被格局及其空问差异进行研究,主要结论包括：(1)结合景观镶嵌体指标对陕西省省域景观格局分析,邻域范围内全部为林草地栅格的FF型比例最高且增加较大,邻域范围内林草地占主导的栅格向FF型的转移比例较高,表明该尺度上林地恢复状况良好；邻域范围内全部为农业用地或农业用地占主导的栅格动态性较强,且向FF型和邻域范围内林草地占主导的类型转移比例较高,体现了农业用地向林草地的转变；邻域范围内全部为城市用地的UU型栅格比例较低但增加比例高,且其10年间仍保持该类型不变,邻域范围内城市用地比例大于10%的栅格的转移倾向于向UU型及邻域范围内城市用地占主导的类型,体现了该研究尺度下城市的扩张,人类活动对周边用地的影响。(2)为探讨陕西省林地景观格局的空间差异,结合陕西省林地覆被的空间分布,划定以黄土高原林地覆被为主的研究区1和以秦岭地区林地覆被为主的研究区2。陕西省和研究区1、2的林地覆被各类型展现出类似的尺度依赖性,但其比例构成则不尽相同。总体而言,小尺度核心型林地比例较高,其比例随尺度增加而增大,斑块型和主导型林地小尺度上比例较低,其比例随尺度增加而增大,其中,陕西省和研究区2在大尺度上林地覆被以核心型和主导型为主,而研究区1在大尺度上斑块型林地比例显著高于陕西省,呈现出更为破碎的特征。(3)陕西省新增林地覆被和减少林地覆被在小尺度上均以核心型为主,在较大尺度上新增林地覆被以斑块型和主导型为主,而减少林地以斑块型为主,表明林地覆被的减少多出现在大尺度呈现破碎,局地尺度林地覆被密度较高的地区。对比而言,受林地覆被空间格局的影响,较大尺度上,新增林地覆被在研究区1以斑块型为主,而在研究区2则以主导型为主；此外,研究区2的减少林地覆被在较大尺度上以主导型为主。通过景观格局的时空动态分析,从空间角度探讨了陕西省10年间各类型用地的相互作用及动态变化,对林地景观的多尺度分析,体现了林地各类型的尺度依赖特征,反映了林地景观的多尺度空间格局及其空间差异。该研究结果对系统动态的研究、生态恢复工程的评估等均可提供一定参考,对景观的规划与管理、政策的制定实施等均有借鉴指导意义。
[Abstract]:Social-ecosystem can be regarded as social-ecological landscape in geographic space. Both of them have multi-level structure. Different scales have different running speed and dynamic characteristics. The dynamic changes of landscape pattern at different scales reflect the interaction and dynamic characteristics between human activities and ecological environment at corresponding levels, while social-ecological landscape. Since 2000, Shaanxi Province has witnessed rapid socio-economic development, markedly increased urbanization and increased pressures on the ecological environment. Meanwhile, a series of ecological restoration and control projects, such as returning farmland to forest (grass), have been implemented to improve the vulnerability and sensitivity of the environment. Under this background, the landscape pattern of Shaanxi Province has changed correspondingly. Therefore, the landscape and forest landscape of Shaanxi Province have been taken as the research objects, and the spatial pattern of them has been changed by using the basic principles and analysis methods of landscape ecology and the spatial analysis method of GIS. Based on the land cover data of Shaanxi Province in 2000 and 2010, land use types were divided into urban land use, forest and grassland and agricultural land use, and landscape mosaic was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of landscape pattern in Shaanxi Province. The land types are patch type, dominant type and core type. The scale-dependent characteristics and dynamic changes of forest land cover, new forest land cover and reducing forest land types are analyzed. The forest land cover pattern and its spatial differences in Shaanxi Province are studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Landscape mosaic index is used to analyze the landscape pattern of Shaanxi Province. The proportion of FF type with all the forest and grassland grids in the neighborhood was the highest and increased greatly, and the ratio of forest and grassland dominated grids transferring to FF type was higher in the neighborhood, which indicated that the forest land restoration condition was good on this scale; the grid with all the agricultural land or agricultural land dominated in the neighborhood had strong dynamic, and it was moving to FF type and neighborhood. The proportion of forest and grassland dominated type transfer is higher, which reflects the transformation from agricultural land to forest and grassland. The proportion of UU-type grid with all urban land in the neighborhood is lower but the increase rate is higher, and the type remains unchanged for 10 years. The proportion of urban land in the neighborhood larger than 10% tends to be UU-type. (2) To explore the spatial differences of forest landscape pattern in Shaanxi Province, combining with the spatial distribution of forest land cover in Shaanxi Province, the study area 1 with forest land cover in the Loess Plateau and Qinling Mountains were delineated. In general, the proportion of small-scale core forest land is higher, and the proportion of small-scale core forest land increases with the increase of scale, while the proportion of patch and dominant forest land is lower in small-scale. Among them, the forest land cover of Shaanxi province and research area 2 is mainly core and dominant type on large scale, while the proportion of patch forest land in study area 1 is significantly higher than that of Shaanxi Province on large scale, showing more fragmented characteristics. (3) The new forest land cover and the reduction of forest land cover in Shaanxi Province are mainly core type on small scale. In large scale, patch type and dominant type dominated the new forest land cover, while patch type dominated the decrease of forest land cover, indicating that the reduction of forest land cover occurred mostly in large-scale fragmentation and high local-scale forest land cover density areas. In addition, the reduction of forest land cover in study area 2 is dominant on a larger scale. Through the analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of landscape pattern, the interaction and dynamic changes of various types of land use in Shaanxi Province in the past 10 years were discussed from the spatial perspective, and the multi-scale analysis of forest landscape was carried out. The results of this study can provide some references for the study of system dynamics and the evaluation of ecological restoration projects, and can be used for reference in the planning and management of landscape and the formulation and implementation of policies.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P901

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