泰安市木本园林植物最佳观赏期调查研究
发布时间：2018-08-30 11:11
【摘要】：春季繁花似锦,夏季绿树成荫,秋季叶色多变,冬季银装素裹。城市绿化离不开园林植物,园林植物是园林景观中最具生命力、富于变化的构成要素,在景观营造中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。每种园林植物都具有最佳观赏期。最佳观赏期指园林植物在形态上、色彩上具备最佳观赏价值的时期,处在最佳观赏期的园林植物的观赏价值明显高于其它时期,如观花植物的花期,观果植物的果期,色叶植物的叶变色期等。园林植物的最佳观赏期和观赏顺序在植物配置中发挥着重要作用。掌握园林植物的最佳观赏期和观赏顺序,将最佳观赏期相近的植物进行科学配置,营造出花团锦簇、姹紫千红的群花景观。将观赏期相互衔接的植物进行交错时间配置,营造出三季有花、四季有景的连续园林景观。本文以泰安市为例,从2012.9至2014.9对山东农业大学北校区、南校区和东湖公园的110种(包括变种、品种)园林植物最佳观赏期进行调查、研究,得出其最佳观赏期和观赏顺序,为园林规划设计、植物配置和养护管理提供科学的参考依据。主要研究结论如下。1.园林植物的生长发育受气候影响显著,气候条件很大程度上影响园林植物的最佳观赏期。每年因气候条件不同,园林植物最佳观赏期的出现时间就会不同。尽管最佳观赏期随气候变化而出现相应波动,但是同一地点不同植物最佳观赏期出现的顺序几乎不受气候影响。恰恰园林植物最佳观赏期的观赏顺序是本次实验研究的关键,在植物配置营造连续观赏景观中发挥着重要作用。2.园林植物春季观赏时期大致分为三个阶段:①3.1-3.20;②3.21-5.15;③5.16-5.31。①3.1-3.20:为早春观赏阶段,约3月5日左右,春季花卉进入观赏期。此时段开花植物树种相对较少。主要有:迎春、山茱萸、望春玉兰、山桃、连翘、金钟花、杏等。②3.21-5.15:为春季观赏盛期,70多种植物在此阶段进入最佳观赏期,呈现出百花齐放、姹紫嫣红的花海景观。主要有:紫荆、香茶呰、贴梗海棠、丁香、美人梅、白梨、西府海棠、碧桃、飞黄玉兰、垂丝海棠等。③5.16-5.31:为晚春观赏阶段,此时观花树种急剧减少,春花景观已进入尾声。主要有:红王子锦带、西洋接骨木、迎夏、华北珍珠梅、凌霄、合欢等。夏季观赏时期大致分为两个阶段:①6.1-6.30;②7.1-8.31。①6.1-6.30:为夏花观赏盛期,大部分夏花植物在此阶段进入最佳观赏期,是夏季开花数量最多的时间段,其中月季花期最长,从5月中旬进入最佳观赏期一直持续到11月份,达200天以上,是贯穿整个夏季的观赏期最长的树种。主要有:月季、广玉兰、凌霄、合欢、女贞、浙江紫薇、紫薇、栾树、木槿等。②7.1-8.31:为夏花观赏末期,此时段观花数量较少,大部分植物处于绿叶期,因此观花树种显得弥足珍贵,营造出万绿从中一点红的夏季景观。其中喜树在此阶段进入观果期,是较为稀少的夏季观果树种。主要有:月季、凌霄、紫薇、木槿、黄山栾、喜树等。秋季观赏时期大致分为2个阶段:①9.1-10.10;②10.11-11.30。①9.1-10.10:为秋季观赏始期,观赏树种相对较少,主要为夏末秋初观花树种、少量观果、观叶树种。此时的观果、观叶树种大部分刚进入最佳观赏期,未达到观赏盛期。主要有:凌霄、紫薇、木槿、黄山栾、喜树、金银木、银杏、柿树等。②10.11-11.30:为秋季观赏盛期,观赏树种相对丰富,几乎所有的观果、观叶树种都已经进入观赏盛期,呈现出秋叶瑟瑟、秋果硕硕,不是春光胜似春光的秋季园林景观。主要有:金银木、银杏、火棘、火炬树、柿树、爬山虎、乌桕、枫香、美国白蜡、红瑞木、黄栌、元宝枫、榉树、黄连木、石楠、鸡爪槭、枸骨等。3.全年园林植物观赏时期可分为四个阶段(“春夏秋冬”)、两个高峰期:①3.11-6.10,为一年中最为重要的赏花时节,即“春季,赏花季”。其中观花高峰期出现在4.1-5.10,近70种植物花期相互衔接、相互重叠,呈现出百花齐放、姹紫千红的花海景观。具体分为春夏两个时段。春季观赏时段为3.11-5.31,观赏树种全部为观花树种;夏季观赏时段为6.1-6.10,观赏树种也为观花树种,为初夏观花数量最为丰富的时间段。②6.11-10.10,为一年中相对平稳的观赏阶段,即“夏季,绿叶季”。具体分为夏秋两段。夏季观赏时段为6.11-8.31,观赏树种以观花树为主。此时段观花树种相对较少,大部分植物处于绿叶期,呈现出万绿从中一点红的园林景观;秋季观赏时段为9.1-10.10,是秋季观赏的初期,观赏树种为观花、观果树种,以观果树为主。③10.11-11.30,为一年中重要的赏叶赏果时节,即“秋季,赏叶观果季”。观赏树种为观色叶、观果树种,以观色叶树种为主。其中。10.21-11.30,观赏树种达25种以上,是园林植物观赏的另一高峰期。秋叶瑟瑟、秋果硕硕,呈现出层林尽染,不是春花胜似春花的秋季园林景观。④12.1-3.10,为一年中最为沉寂的观赏阶段,即“冬季,冬眠季”。此时,大部分植物处于休眠期,观赏树种主要为常绿树种,观果树种,观树形、枝干树种。两个观赏高峰期:4.1-5.10为春花观赏的重要时节,10.21-11.30为秋叶观赏的最佳时机。4.园林植物的最佳观赏期及观赏顺序在植物配置中发挥着重要作用。掌握园林植物的最佳观赏期和观赏顺序,将最佳观赏期相近的植物进行科学配置,营造出花团锦簇、姹紫千红的群花景观。将观赏期相互衔接的植物进行交错时间配置,营造出三季有花、四季有景的连续园林景观。5.园林植物所处环境不同,温度、光照等气候因子不同,最佳观赏期出现时间就会不同。不同环境中,最佳观赏期受温度、湿度、光照、土壤状况、生物群落等综合因素影响。其中,温度成为重要因素。
[Abstract]:Urban greening is inseparable from garden plants. Garden plants are the most vigorous and changeable elements of landscape, and play an irreplaceable role in landscape construction. Each garden plant has the best ornamental period. It refers to the period when garden plants have the best ornamental value in shape and color, and the ornamental value of garden plants in the best ornamental period is obviously higher than that of other periods, such as the flowering period of ornamental plants, the fruit period of ornamental plants, the leaf discoloration period of colored plants, etc. Important role: grasp the best ornamental period and ornamental sequence of garden plants, arrange the plants with similar ornamental period scientifically, and create a floral landscape with floral clusters and purple flowers. For example, from September 2012 to September 2014, 110 species (including varieties and varieties) of garden plants in North Campus, South Campus and Donghu Park of Shandong Agricultural University were investigated, and the optimum ornamental period and ornamental sequence were obtained. The main conclusions are as follows. 1. The growth and development of garden plants are significantly affected by climate, and the best ornamental period of garden plants is greatly affected by climate conditions. The optimal ornamental period of garden plants varies from year to year because of different climate conditions. The ornamental order of the optimum ornamental period of garden plants is the key to this experiment, and plays an important role in plant configuration and construction of continuous ornamental landscape.2. The ornamental period of garden plants in spring can be divided into three stages: 1.3-3.20; 2.21-5.15; 3.16-5.31.1-3.20: early. Spring ornamental stage, about March 5, the spring flowers into the ornamental period. At this time flowering plant species are relatively few. There are mainly: spring, cornel, Magnolia, hickory, forsythia, golden bell, apricot, etc. (2) 3.21-5.15: for the spring ornamental peak period, more than 70 plants enter the best ornamental period in this stage, showing a hundred flowers blooming, purple red sea of flowers. Landscape. Mainly: Bauhinia, fragrant tea, Begonia sticking stem, clove, plum, white pear, Begonia sibirica, green peach, Magnolia flying, Begonia pendula and so on. 3 5.16-5.31: for the late spring ornamental stage, at this time the species of ornamental flowers and trees decreased sharply, the landscape of spring flowers has entered the end. Mainly: Red Prince brocade, Western Elderberry, Yingxia, North China Pearl Plum, Lingxiao, Hehuan and so on. The seasonal ornamental period can be roughly divided into two stages: 1) 6.1-6.30; 2) 7.1-8.31.1-6.30: It is the peak of summer flower ornamental period. Most summer flower plants enter the best ornamental period at this stage, which is the period with the largest number of summer blossoms. The roses have the longest flowering period, from mid-May to the best ornamental period until November, which lasts for more than 200 days. The longest ornamental period of the tree species throughout the summer. Mainly: Rose, Magnolia grandiflora, Lingxiao, Albizzia julibrissin, Ligustrum lucidum, Lagerstroemia zhejiang, Lagerstroemia myrtle, Luanchu, Hibiscus, etc. (2) 7.1-8.31: for the end of the summer flower ornamental period, at this time the number of flowers is small, most of plants in the green leaf period, so the ornamental flowers and trees seem very precious, create a little red from the summer. In this stage, Camptotheca acuminata enters the ornamental stage, which is a relatively rare summer ornamental tree species. There are mainly: Rose, Lingxiao, Lagerstroemia, Hibiscus hibiscus, Huangshan Luan, Camptotheca acuminata, etc. Autumn ornamental period can be roughly divided into two stages: (1) 9.1-10.10; 2) 10.11-11.30.1-10.10: the beginning of autumn ornamental, ornamental tree species is relatively small, mainly for late summer and early autumn ornamental flowers. Tree species, a small number of ornamental fruit, ornamental tree species. At this time, most of the ornamental leaf tree species just entered the best ornamental period, did not reach the ornamental peak. Enter the ornamental peak, showing autumn leaves, autumn fruits, not spring more than the autumn garden landscape. Mainly: gold and silver, ginkgo biloba, fire thorn, torch tree, persimmon tree, climbing tiger, Chinese tallow, maple, American white wax, mangrove, yellow oak, maple, acer, beech, Coptis chinensis, photinia, chicken claw maple, wolfberry bone and so on. 3. The whole year garden plant ornamental period can be divided into two parts. There are four stages ("Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter"), two peaks: 1) 3.11-6.10, which is the most important flowering season of the year, namely "Spring, Flower-watching season". The peak flowering season appears in 4.1-5.10. Nearly 70 plants are connected with each other, overlapping each other, showing a hundred flowers blooming in full bloom, the sea of flowers and purple flowers. The ornamental time period in spring is 3.11-5.31, and the ornamental tree species are all ornamental tree species; the ornamental time period in summer is 6.1-6.10, and the ornamental tree species is also ornamental tree species, which is the most abundant time period in early summer. 11-8.31, ornamental trees are mainly ornamental trees. At this time, ornamental trees are relatively few, most of the plants are in the green leaf stage, showing a little red landscape from evergreen; autumn ornamental period is 9.1-10.10, is the early autumn ornamental, ornamental trees are ornamental flowers, ornamental fruit trees, mainly ornamental fruit trees. 3 10.11-11.30, is an important one-year period. Ornamental tree species are ornamental leaf, ornamental fruit tree species, mainly ornamental leaf tree species. Among them, 10.21-11.30, ornamental tree species up to 25 or more, is another peak period of garden plants ornamental. Autumn leaves, autumn fruitful, showing a full-fledged forest, not spring flowers like spring flowers autumn garden landscape. 1-3.10, is the most silent ornamental stage of the year, that is, "winter, hibernation season". At this time, most plants are in dormancy, ornamental tree species are mainly evergreen, ornamental fruit tree species, ornamental tree shape, branch tree species. Two ornamental peaks: 4.1-5.10 is an important season for spring flowers, 10.21-11.30 is the best time for autumn leaves ornamental.4. The best ornamental period and ornamental sequence play an important role in plant allocation. The best ornamental period and ornamental sequence of garden plants should be mastered. The plants with similar ornamental period should be allocated scientifically to create a floral landscape with floral clusters and colorful flowers. There are flowers in season and scenery in four seasons.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU986
本文编号：2212890
[Abstract]:Urban greening is inseparable from garden plants. Garden plants are the most vigorous and changeable elements of landscape, and play an irreplaceable role in landscape construction. Each garden plant has the best ornamental period. It refers to the period when garden plants have the best ornamental value in shape and color, and the ornamental value of garden plants in the best ornamental period is obviously higher than that of other periods, such as the flowering period of ornamental plants, the fruit period of ornamental plants, the leaf discoloration period of colored plants, etc. Important role: grasp the best ornamental period and ornamental sequence of garden plants, arrange the plants with similar ornamental period scientifically, and create a floral landscape with floral clusters and purple flowers. For example, from September 2012 to September 2014, 110 species (including varieties and varieties) of garden plants in North Campus, South Campus and Donghu Park of Shandong Agricultural University were investigated, and the optimum ornamental period and ornamental sequence were obtained. The main conclusions are as follows. 1. The growth and development of garden plants are significantly affected by climate, and the best ornamental period of garden plants is greatly affected by climate conditions. The optimal ornamental period of garden plants varies from year to year because of different climate conditions. The ornamental order of the optimum ornamental period of garden plants is the key to this experiment, and plays an important role in plant configuration and construction of continuous ornamental landscape.2. The ornamental period of garden plants in spring can be divided into three stages: 1.3-3.20; 2.21-5.15; 3.16-5.31.1-3.20: early. Spring ornamental stage, about March 5, the spring flowers into the ornamental period. At this time flowering plant species are relatively few. There are mainly: spring, cornel, Magnolia, hickory, forsythia, golden bell, apricot, etc. (2) 3.21-5.15: for the spring ornamental peak period, more than 70 plants enter the best ornamental period in this stage, showing a hundred flowers blooming, purple red sea of flowers. Landscape. Mainly: Bauhinia, fragrant tea, Begonia sticking stem, clove, plum, white pear, Begonia sibirica, green peach, Magnolia flying, Begonia pendula and so on. 3 5.16-5.31: for the late spring ornamental stage, at this time the species of ornamental flowers and trees decreased sharply, the landscape of spring flowers has entered the end. Mainly: Red Prince brocade, Western Elderberry, Yingxia, North China Pearl Plum, Lingxiao, Hehuan and so on. The seasonal ornamental period can be roughly divided into two stages: 1) 6.1-6.30; 2) 7.1-8.31.1-6.30: It is the peak of summer flower ornamental period. Most summer flower plants enter the best ornamental period at this stage, which is the period with the largest number of summer blossoms. The roses have the longest flowering period, from mid-May to the best ornamental period until November, which lasts for more than 200 days. The longest ornamental period of the tree species throughout the summer. Mainly: Rose, Magnolia grandiflora, Lingxiao, Albizzia julibrissin, Ligustrum lucidum, Lagerstroemia zhejiang, Lagerstroemia myrtle, Luanchu, Hibiscus, etc. (2) 7.1-8.31: for the end of the summer flower ornamental period, at this time the number of flowers is small, most of plants in the green leaf period, so the ornamental flowers and trees seem very precious, create a little red from the summer. In this stage, Camptotheca acuminata enters the ornamental stage, which is a relatively rare summer ornamental tree species. There are mainly: Rose, Lingxiao, Lagerstroemia, Hibiscus hibiscus, Huangshan Luan, Camptotheca acuminata, etc. Autumn ornamental period can be roughly divided into two stages: (1) 9.1-10.10; 2) 10.11-11.30.1-10.10: the beginning of autumn ornamental, ornamental tree species is relatively small, mainly for late summer and early autumn ornamental flowers. Tree species, a small number of ornamental fruit, ornamental tree species. At this time, most of the ornamental leaf tree species just entered the best ornamental period, did not reach the ornamental peak. Enter the ornamental peak, showing autumn leaves, autumn fruits, not spring more than the autumn garden landscape. Mainly: gold and silver, ginkgo biloba, fire thorn, torch tree, persimmon tree, climbing tiger, Chinese tallow, maple, American white wax, mangrove, yellow oak, maple, acer, beech, Coptis chinensis, photinia, chicken claw maple, wolfberry bone and so on. 3. The whole year garden plant ornamental period can be divided into two parts. There are four stages ("Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter"), two peaks: 1) 3.11-6.10, which is the most important flowering season of the year, namely "Spring, Flower-watching season". The peak flowering season appears in 4.1-5.10. Nearly 70 plants are connected with each other, overlapping each other, showing a hundred flowers blooming in full bloom, the sea of flowers and purple flowers. The ornamental time period in spring is 3.11-5.31, and the ornamental tree species are all ornamental tree species; the ornamental time period in summer is 6.1-6.10, and the ornamental tree species is also ornamental tree species, which is the most abundant time period in early summer. 11-8.31, ornamental trees are mainly ornamental trees. At this time, ornamental trees are relatively few, most of the plants are in the green leaf stage, showing a little red landscape from evergreen; autumn ornamental period is 9.1-10.10, is the early autumn ornamental, ornamental trees are ornamental flowers, ornamental fruit trees, mainly ornamental fruit trees. 3 10.11-11.30, is an important one-year period. Ornamental tree species are ornamental leaf, ornamental fruit tree species, mainly ornamental leaf tree species. Among them, 10.21-11.30, ornamental tree species up to 25 or more, is another peak period of garden plants ornamental. Autumn leaves, autumn fruitful, showing a full-fledged forest, not spring flowers like spring flowers autumn garden landscape. 1-3.10, is the most silent ornamental stage of the year, that is, "winter, hibernation season". At this time, most plants are in dormancy, ornamental tree species are mainly evergreen, ornamental fruit tree species, ornamental tree shape, branch tree species. Two ornamental peaks: 4.1-5.10 is an important season for spring flowers, 10.21-11.30 is the best time for autumn leaves ornamental.4. The best ornamental period and ornamental sequence play an important role in plant allocation. The best ornamental period and ornamental sequence of garden plants should be mastered. The plants with similar ornamental period should be allocated scientifically to create a floral landscape with floral clusters and colorful flowers. There are flowers in season and scenery in four seasons.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU986
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