辽西金属矿山废弃地生态恢复与可持续技术研究

发布时间：2018-10-17 19:06

【摘要】：随着人类对矿产资源需求的迅速增加及矿业经济的迅猛发展,人们开始大规模的开发和利用矿产资源,这些矿山开采造成了大规模的土地和植被的破坏,改变了生态系统的物质和能量的循环,造成的生态破坏和环境污染,例如,荒漠化土地面积增加、空气质量降低、生态环境的退化,严重影响了社会和经济发展的可持续性。社会的发展离不开金属矿产资源,故应合理开发矿产资源,保护生态环境。但近年来,辽西大量的矿业废弃地,致使荒漠化面积增大,水土流失加剧,生态环境退化,已经影响社会与经济的可持续性发展。其中,朝阳市金属矿产1299座,面积7117.4 m2,占矿山总面积的78.1%。解决矿山废弃地问题迫在眉睫,而生态恢复与景观设计不失为破解这一难题的一大法宝。本研究以生态学理论为基础,根据文献资料和现场调研,科学分析金属矿山废弃地特征,依据国内外金属矿山废弃地生态恢复理论与技术,针对辽西金属矿山废弃地生态治理中存在的关键问题,进行了生态环境现状分析、立地类型划分、基质质地评价、生态治理树种选择、基质改良和治理模式等项研究。主要取得了以下成果。依据辽西地区金属矿山废弃地成因,将其分为弃石场废弃地、挖损废弃地和尾矿废弃地3种类型,其类型的划分为各项治理技术的实施提供依据。提出了生态林、经济林、景观重建等3种矿业废弃地生态治理模式。通过辽西地区金属矿山废弃地土壤理化性质、有害金属元素含量分析,其土壤为二类土壤,通过治理可作为农田和果园使用,土壤质量不对植物和环境造成危害。筛选出的乡土树种主要为刺槐、小叶杨、沙棘、柠条,引进的适生树种为北美稠李、美国李、银水牛果、欧李,这些树种可在辽西矿业废弃地生态治理中推广应用。整地能有效地拦截自然降水和增加土壤的抗旱保墒能力,以水平阶整地方式为最好。金属矿山废弃地生态恢复涵盖森林生态、景观等专业,应在尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的基础上,运用系统工程理论,通过进行科学治理,必然给人们提供干净、舒适、美丽的户外空间,从而实现人与自然的和谐发展。
[Abstract]:With the rapid increase of human demand for mineral resources and the rapid development of mining economy, people began to develop and utilize mineral resources on a large scale, which resulted in the destruction of land and vegetation on a large scale. The cycle of matter and energy in the ecosystem has been changed, resulting in ecological damage and environmental pollution, such as the increase of desertification land area, the decrease of air quality and the degradation of ecological environment, which seriously affect the sustainability of social and economic development. The development of society is inseparable from metal mineral resources, so it is necessary to develop mineral resources rationally and protect ecological environment. However, in recent years, a large number of mining wasteland in western Liaoning has caused the increase of desertification area, the intensification of soil and water loss, and the degradation of ecological environment, which has affected the sustainable development of society and economy. Among them, there are 1299 metal minerals in Chaoyang City with an area of 7117.4 m ~ 2, accounting for 78.1% of the total mine area. It is urgent to solve the problem of mine abandoned land, and ecological restoration and landscape design is a magic weapon to solve this problem. Based on the ecological theory, according to the literature and field investigation, the characteristics of metal mine wasteland are analyzed scientifically, and the theory and technology of ecological restoration of metal mine wasteland at home and abroad are discussed. In view of the key problems existing in ecological treatment of abandoned land of metal mines in western Liaoning Province, the present situation of ecological environment, site type classification, matrix texture evaluation, selection of ecological control tree species, matrix improvement and management model were studied. The main achievements are as follows. According to the cause of formation of metal mine abandoned land in western Liaoning province, it can be divided into three types: abandoned stone field, excavated abandoned land and tailings abandoned land. The classification of these types provides the basis for the implementation of various treatment techniques. Three ecological management models of mining wasteland were put forward, such as ecological forest, economic forest and landscape reconstruction. Through the analysis of soil physical and chemical properties and harmful metal element content in metal mine wasteland in western Liaoning Province, the soil is a kind of soil, which can be used as farmland and orchard through treatment, and the soil quality does not cause harm to plants and environment. The local tree species were mainly Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus microphylla, Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana korshinskii. The suitable tree species were North American thick plum, American plum, silver buffalo fruit and European plum. These species could be popularized and applied in the ecological treatment of mining wasteland in western Liaoning. Land preparation can effectively intercept natural precipitation and increase the ability of soil drought resistance and soil moisture conservation, the best way is horizontal land preparation. Ecological restoration of metal mine wasteland covers forest ecology, landscape and other specialties. On the basis of respecting nature, complying with nature and protecting nature, system engineering theory is used and scientific treatment is carried out to provide people with clean and comfortable. Beautiful outdoor space, thus realizing the harmonious development of man and nature.
【学位授予单位】：大连工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X171.4

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