基于景观结构优化和景观偏好的多尺度景观模拟研究

发布时间：2019-05-28 04:03

【摘要】：非农生境是农业景观的重要组成部分,在结构与功能上具有一定复杂性的非农生境,对维持与提高农业景观的生物多样性具有非常关键的作用。随着城市化进程的不断加大,大量非农生境斑块从农业景观中消失,结构简单、类型单一的农业景观使得农业生态系统功能与服务遭到了严重制约。本研究选择了黄河下游平原典型地区的封丘县为研究区域,基于遥感影像和景观格局分析技术,对研究区的非农生境进行了调查研究,分析了该区域农田基质大背景下的非农绿地斑块的结构属性特征,通过探讨农业景观中非农景观要素的结构特征与植物物种多样性的关系,探究研究区景观结构优化的方法。同时,利用问卷调查了解利益相关者对不同农业景观的偏好,探析景观元素对利益相关者偏好的影响,最后基于相关研究结果,对研究区当前的农业景观进行多种尺度上的景观场景设计,为研究区未来多功能农业景观的构建和改善奠定理论与实践基础。主要的研究结果如下:(1)研究区总体绿地率较低,绿地斑块总面积较小,农业景观中主要的绿地斑块类型为人工林、居住区绿地和树篱/沟渠绿地。对农业景观中绿地斑块组成和空间结构属性特征的研究结果表明,研究区的农业景观呈现出非农绿地斑块比例较小、生境类型较为单一、绿地斑块破碎化程度较高,以及景观异质性水平较低的特点。(2)在不同类型的非农生境之间,物种组成以菊科、禾本科等的优势科、属为主,共有种相对较多,各生境中的特有种或指示种较少;其中,林地与树篱具有相对较高的物种多样性,以沟渠为生境的植物物种组成与其它两种生境类型相比存在明显差异;当林地与树篱/沟渠的组成比例相当时,植物物种丰富度最高;景观破碎化及人为干扰指数对不同非农生境中的植物物种的影响较为显著。(3)利益相关者对不同农业景观的偏好选择表现出一定的差异,如,受访者的年龄、受教育程度以及是否学习或从事环境保护相关工作对选择结果有不同程度的影响。大多数受访者更加偏好具有多种景观功能和服务的农业景观组成和构造,如果政府、农业专家提供资金和技术支持,愿意将目前的农业景观改造成具有多种景观功能的农业景观类型和结构。(4)考虑利益相关者的偏好,选择具有代表性的农业景观要素和不同的农业景观结构类型,在小(沟渠、林地、树篱、农田边4种景观要素)、中(4种非农景观结构类型)、大(整个研究区)尺度上分别对不同景观类型进行了景观场景方案设计,旨在构建集生产/经济功能、生态功能、美学功能等多种景观功能于一体的农业景观结构。构建以小型绿地斑块为“点”,条带状树篱、沟渠为“线”,以大面积林地及各类湿地保护区为“面”的点-线-面相结合的综合绿地生态网络。研究表明,非农生境的类型和质量差异、非农景观要素结构的复杂性以及非农景观的合理配置,对农业景观中生物多样性的保护、促进农业景观功能的发挥具有积极的意义。由于农业景观由人类经营占主导,农民为最主要的利益相关者和农田改造者,在政府政策的宏观调控前提下,农业景观的变化较大程度上由农民的发展意愿所决定,他们的偏好选择影响了农业的景观管理和发展,因此,未来在对本研究区的农业景观进行结构优化的过程中,应该结合利益相关者对不同景观的认知和偏好来完成区域内农业景观的构建,从景观结构的改造入手,通过在不同尺度上调整和设置非农景观要素的不同类型及比例、合理改造非农生境的结构与空间配置,实现景观结构的合理布局,从而使景观发挥更多的景观功能和更大的生产、生态及社会效益,为最终实现多功能农业景观的有效管理与可持续健康发展奠定重要的研究基础。
[Abstract]:The non-agricultural habitat is an important part of the agricultural landscape, and the non-agricultural habitat with a certain complexity in the structure and function has a very important role in maintaining and improving the biological diversity of the agricultural landscape. With the increasing of the process of urbanization, many non-agricultural habitat patches disappear from the agricultural landscape, the structure is simple, and the single-type agricultural landscape makes the function and service of the agro-ecosystem severely restricted. Based on the remote sensing image and the landscape pattern analysis technique, the study of the non-agricultural habitat in the research area is carried out based on the remote sensing image and the landscape pattern analysis technique, and the structure property of the non-agricultural green space patch in the large background of the farmland in the region is analyzed. By exploring the relationship between the structural characteristics of the non-agricultural landscape elements in the agricultural landscape and the diversity of the plant species, the method of the optimization of the landscape structure in the study area is explored. At the same time, using the questionnaire to understand the influence of the stakeholders on the different agricultural landscape, the influence of the landscape elements on the stakeholders' preference is analyzed, and the present agricultural landscape of the research area is designed based on the relevant research results. To lay a theoretical and practical foundation for the construction and improvement of the future multi-function agricultural landscape in the research area. The main results are as follows: (1) The total green land rate of the study area is low, the total area of the green land patch is small, and the main green space patch type in the agricultural landscape is the plantation, the residential area green space and the hedge/ ditch green space. The results of the study on the characteristics of the composition and spatial structure of the green space in the agricultural landscape show that the agricultural landscape of the research area has the characteristics of small proportion of non-agricultural green space, single habitat type, high fragmentation degree of green space and low level of landscape heterogeneity. (2) among the different types of non-agricultural habitats, the species composition is the dominant family of the family of the family, the family Gramineae, and the like, the species is the main, the total species are relatively large, the endemic species or the indicating species in each habitat are less, and the forest land and the hedges have relatively high species diversity, The plant species composition with the ditch as the habitat is different from the other two habitat types, and when the composition ratio of the forest land to the hedges/ ditches is equivalent, the plant species richness is the highest; The effects of landscape fragmentation and man-made interference index on the plant species in different non-agricultural habitats were significant. (3) Stakeholder's preference for different agricultural landscape shows a certain difference, such as the age of the interviewees, the degree of education and whether or not the related work on environmental protection has a different degree of influence on the selection result. Most of the respondents prefer the composition and structure of the agricultural landscape with multiple landscape functions and services, and if the government and the agricultural experts provide financial and technical support, it is willing to transform the current agricultural landscape into an agricultural landscape type and structure with a variety of landscape functions. (4) taking into account the preference of the stakeholders, selecting representative agricultural landscape elements and different types of agricultural landscape structures, and in the small (ditch, forest land, hedges, four landscape elements of the farmland side), and (4 non-agricultural landscape structure types), The design of landscape scene for different landscape types is carried out on the scale of the large (the whole study area), and the aim of this paper is to construct an integrated agricultural landscape structure, such as production/ economic function, ecological function, and aesthetic function. The invention relates to a comprehensive green space ecological network which is constructed with small green space patches as a "point", a strip-shaped hedge, a ditch as a "line", a large-area forest land and various wetland protection areas as the point-line-surface of the "face". The research shows that the type and quality difference of non-agricultural habitat, the complexity of the non-agricultural landscape element structure and the rational allocation of non-agricultural landscape, the protection of the biological diversity in the agricultural landscape and the promotion of the function of the agricultural landscape are of positive significance. since the agricultural landscape is dominated by the human operation, the farmers are the most important stakeholders and the farmland reformers, under the premise of the macro-control of the government policy, the change of the agricultural landscape is largely determined by the development will of the farmers, The choice of their preference affects the landscape management and development of the agriculture. Therefore, in the process of structural optimization of the agricultural landscape in the research area, the construction of the agricultural landscape in the region should be completed by combining the cognition and the preference of the stakeholders on the different landscape. Starting from the reconstruction of the landscape structure, by adjusting and setting different types and proportions of non-agricultural landscape elements on different scales, the structure and space configuration of the non-agricultural habitat are reasonably modified, and the reasonable layout of the landscape structure is realized, so that the landscape can be provided with more landscape functions and greater production, The ecological and social benefits lay an important foundation for the effective management and sustainable health development of the multi-function agricultural landscape.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S181;P901

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