程颢思想与生态美学建构的中国资源

发布时间：2018-02-24 16:24

  本文关键词： 他者 自然 程颢 生态思想　出处：《山东大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：东方思想的生态价值已经引起学术界的普遍关注,但就研究现状而言,中国古典思想的生态学解读并没有真正将古典思想与生态危机结合起来,不论是在解释方法上,还是在生态思想的具体建构中,都显示出一种简单化处理的倾向。 生态危机根源于现代性,具体表现为,现代思想为生态危机奠定了三个基础：其一,人类拥有至高无上的地位；其二,主体的自我同一与他者的边缘化；其三,理性迷信与道德盲视。当代西方哲学、伦理学对现代性的批判可谓切中要害,但是其解决方法却因走不出西方文化的思维方式而屡遭挫败。尤其是西方生态伦理学因为西方伦理学自身伦理向度的缺失而找不到容纳他者的途径,自然的地位问题迟迟得不到解决。 程颢之所以会在思想和行为中对自然采取一种天然亲近的态度,有三个最主要的原因。其一,“天理”观的建立。宋明理学致力于为人道寻找形而上的根据,从周敦颐开始,这种探寻就呈现出一种将天道“人伦化”的倾向。而程颢提出的“天理”二字最终成功地沟通了“天”和“人”,为人伦道德提供了形而上的根据,万物一体的亲和关系也由此得到论证。这就是程颢亲近自然的世界观基础。这就启示我们,建构一种生态世界观是解决所有生态问题的前提。不过,天人合一观毕竟只是建立在一系列假设之上,现代社会必须将生态学知识作为建构生态世界观的基础,以形成一种科学的、普世的世界观,从而引导人们理解生态思想,践行生态观念。 其二,“仁者”与自然的一体关系。在孔子仁学思想中,他者是主体理想人格形成的必要条件,孔子对主体提出“克己”与“爱人”两个要求,这样他者就顺利地进入了伦理体系之中。孔子处理他者地位的思路极具价值,但是他忽视了自然在伦理体系中的位置,这一点在程颢那里得到了弥补。程颢认为“仁者与万物一体”,因此,人就不仅要爱护人类,还必须以仁爱之心对待自然。不过,程颢对“仁”的本体论改造虽然将自然纳入了伦理体系,但他以对待万物之心对待人类却又忽视了人类社会的特殊性,因而必然会走向宋明理学“空谈心性”的误区。因此,只有区别开伦理学原则与生态伦理学原则上的不同,才能正确处理好人类社会的问题和人与自然的关系。 其三,体天人之乐。生态审美的真正内涵是“生态地审美”。程颢对自然的审美鉴赏是生态审美之典型。这种审美活动以天人合一观为世界观基础,以仁者浑然与物同体为伦理前提,这两点就提醒我们,生态审美必须建立在生态世界观和生态伦理观的基础之上。天人之乐的感知方式不同于主客二分的审美方式,而是一种主体与对象融合一体的审美方式,只有打开自我,融入万物,才能体味到人与万物共同的喜悦。而天人之乐作为一种“理趣”强调的是一种基于生态理性的审美活动,重视审美活动的境界。这就将真与善转化为审美的基底。 总之,生态学要研究的是,如何才是生态系统的平衡与稳定,这个学科不涉及太多价值选择,只是纯粹地揭示自然规律而已。生态伦理学则试图揭示,维持生态平衡也是一种道德行为,是一种正确的道德选择。而生态美学发现,维持生态平衡不仅是一种生存策略或者义务责任,也是一种人生享受,可以带来精神上的愉悦与幸福。这就从本源上为人类生态危机的改善找到了基础。
[Abstract]:The ecological value of the Oriental thoughts have attracted widespread attention in academic circles, but the study on the status quo, China ecological interpretation of classical thought and no real classical thought and ecological crisis together, whether in the interpretation methods, or in the specific construction of the ecological thought, have shown a tendency of simplification.
The ecological crisis is rooted in the modernity, specifically, modern thoughts have laid the foundation for the three ecological crisis: first, human beings have supreme status; second, the main body of the self same and other marginalized; thirdly, rational superstition and moral blindness. Contemporary western philosophy, the critique of modernity ethics can be described as the point, but the solution is due to go out of the way of thinking of western culture and frustrating. Especially because of its western ecological ethics of western ethics ethics of shortcomings and can not find the way to accommodate others, but since the position had yet to be resolved.
The reason why Cheng Hao take a natural close to the natural attitude in thinking and behavior, there are three main reasons. First, "heaven" concept. The Neo Confucianism is committed to searching the metaphysical basis for humanism, starting from Zhou Dunyi, the search reveals an inclination of heaven "human" and "heaven" Cheng Hao proposed two words finally succeeded in communication between "heaven" and "people", provide a metaphysical basis for morality, affinity of oneness has thus been demonstrated. This is close to the natural world view of Cheng Hao foundation. This tells us that the construction of an ecological worldview is a prerequisite to solve all the problems. However, the harmony between man and nature view is only based on a series of assumptions, modern society must be constructed as a basic knowledge of ecology ecological world view, to form a scientific, general The world outlook leads people to understand the ecological ideas and practice the ecological concept.
鍏朵簩,鈥滀粊鑰呪，

本文编号：1530910