威廉斯与文学表征的“对位阅读”——以《乡村与城市》对意识形态的解构为例

发布时间：2018-04-04 22:24

本文选题：乡村　切入点：城市　出处：《文艺理论研究》2012年04期

【摘要】：作为两种重要的人类生存生活空间,"乡村"和"城市"及其所承载的生活是文学表征的经典主题。一方面,由于代表着自然的生活,被描绘得美轮美奂的乡村往往被文人墨客寄托了无限情思;另一方面,由于其变动不居、世俗乃至腐化,在文学作品中,城市经常被描绘为污浊不堪而遭人鄙薄。然而,在"乡村"和"城市"及其各自所代表的生活方式被认为理所当然时,这些文学表征背后所藏匿的意识形态也就往往被忽略。在《乡村与城市》中,著名批评家雷蒙·威廉斯对文学作品中的城乡意象、城乡关系、各自的变迁以及全球化时代的城乡结构等主题进行了深入考察,从而揭示出这些文学呈现不过是各种精致的剥削和压迫关系的表达和不断翻新,虚假的城乡形象及二元关系在不断粉饰剥削的现实和人们的深重苦难。晚近"乡村"和"城市"的疏离,威廉斯指出资本主义制度才是罪魁祸首。在本文看来,威廉斯对有关"乡村"和"城市"的文学惯例的建构性的论述,这实质上和萨伊德所论述的"对位阅读"有异曲同工之妙。以威廉斯的批评方法为中心,本文不仅试图对这一方法在解读和揭示文学表征的意识形态内涵和政治功能的独特有效性进行研究,同时还对其在当下的重要理论意义进行了论述。
[Abstract]:As two important living spaces of human beings, "country" and "city" and the life they carry are the classical themes of literary representation.On the one hand, because it represents the life of nature, the beautiful countryside is often entrusted with infinite feelings by the literati; on the other hand, because of its changes, secular and even corruption, in literary works,Cities are often portrayed as filthy and despicable.However, when "country" and "city" and their respective ways of life are taken for granted, the ideology hidden behind these literary representations is often ignored.In Rural and Urban, the famous critic Raymond Williams makes an in-depth study of the urban and rural images, the relationship between urban and rural areas, their changes and the urban-rural structure in the era of globalization.Thus it is revealed that these literary representations are merely expressions and innovations of various delicate relations of exploitation and oppression, and the false image of urban and rural areas and the dualistic relationship are constantly whitewashing the reality of exploitation and the deep suffering of people.In the recent alienation of the countryside and the cities, Williams pointed out that capitalism was the culprit.In this paper, Williams' construction of literary conventions about "country" and "city" is, in essence, similar to that of "opposite reading" discussed by Saeed.Centered on Williams' critical method, this paper not only attempts to study the unique validity of this method in interpreting and revealing the ideological connotation and political function of literary representation.At the same time, it also discusses its important theoretical significance in the present.
【作者单位】：浙江理工大学外国语学院;上海交通大学外国语学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“雷蒙·威廉斯:文化研究与‘希望的资源’”[项目编号:12YJC752011]的阶段性成果杭州市哲学社会科学规划课题[项目编号:C11WX11] 浙江理工大学科研启动基金[项目编号:114229A4Y10828]资助
【分类号】：I0

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