汉魏之际艺术精神的嬗变

发布时间：2019-06-10 08:45

【摘要】： “艺术精神”是一个很难确切把握的概念，因为它的意义既是游移的，又是笼统的。“游移” 表现在从远古至今各个历史时期，“艺术精神”一词的内涵都不尽相同，中国艺术精神可以说是一个在不断建构中的体系；“笼统”表现在这个定义既属艺术范畴，又属美学、哲学、与历史等领域的一部分，可以从不同的角度加以阐释。所以，作为重要前提本文将其界定为“文学艺术中所体现出的共同时代精神，既人的精神。”同时探讨的范围主要集中在西汉末年到东汉末年之间的这一历史时期。汉魏之间，人的精神世界和文学艺术都发生了明显转变，主要表现为人的自我生命意识渐趋觉醒与文学艺术的渐趋独立。这一转变经历了一个长期的渐进过程，从产生到兴盛、从稚拙到精妙。这一转变历程发生的原因主要在于当时特殊的时代背景与社会思潮的影响。从时代背景方面来看，两次严重政治危机的发生、自然界灾异现象的日趋频繁、思想界经学的没落与信仰的危机以及由此所引发的人们心灵中浮躁与惶惑不安，构成了此二百六十年间一个晦暗不明的背景色调。然而“天”、“皇权”、“圣人”等权威的理念开始发生动摇，虽造成了人心的茫然无助，同时也使人们的思维得以从对“权威”的依赖和崇拜中解放出来，更重要的是，给各种新的社会思潮的流行创造了宝贵的契机。西汉末年，重视自然无为的道家哲学、重视神秘之力的谶纬方术与信仰巫鬼的民间道教纷纷而起，汇成一股很强的神秘而又玄奥的社会思潮，这一思想潮流的中心不是“神”，更非设新的权威，只在——真实的生命。特殊的历史背景与思想背景，对汉魏之间个体自我的独立意识与生命意识的觉醒，产生了一定的启发与促进作用。主要表现在人们观念与心态的转变，如对宇宙的理解渐趋开放，对天人关系的理解由局畏生疏到以人为中心的和谐，对生死的理解更由渴望仙界的不安分到守望生命、爱恋生命。人们心态上的转变例如士大夫原来往往以读经、取仕、立功、立德、积极进取为实现生命价值的真正途径，而到了汉魏之间，，则向着知识的博览贯通、兴趣的广泛深入，以及人生的淡泊名利、清议干政、或避世远逸、游戏官场等等的方向发展，然而其根本正在于对个体自我生命的突出与重视。工匠艺术家的心态同样发生了改变，他们由原来的身份与精神的双重束缚中突破出来，获得了精神的解放，同时也形成了属于自己的独立信念与尊严。由外在的追逐向真实生命本身的回归，是汉魏之际时代精神转折的总倾向，在此基础之上，汉魏之际的文学艺术如画像石（砖）、草书、文人五言诗和抒情小赋、郑声都展现出与西汉早、中期的文学艺术大不相同的具有独立意义的时代精神特征：如回归生命，在文学艺术中主要展现以人为中心的世界，虽然这期间萦绕着虚幻的神灵祥瑞，但也都已染上人间的色彩，作为生命的保护神的形象而存在；如善于抓住一个个动态中的瞬间来展现生命中最美最真实的一面；喜欢刻画蕴含在一切生灵中的力量；如在重视声、形、文字的同时，更注重蕴含在生命之中活泼的精神跃动；如注重向无限的时间与空间境界延伸感觉的触角，把握与宇宙深处的韵律相契合的通畅气脉，……而自我的情感也在这种新的艺术方式中获得自由的无拘无束而又淋漓尽致的宣泄。艺术精神是人的精神世界，或整个时代精神世界的形象的外化，当艺术的理论与观念的脚步仍滞留在实用的目的和道德教条中时，艺术已经在骄傲地表明精神世界的变迁。然而结论的得出必须慎重，把西汉末年与东汉末年划分为一个截然的时段，并不表明只是在西汉的元帝之后才发生了种种变迁，而是说在西汉末年的社会危机发生之后，这种种变迁才演变成了一种值得注意的气候，并对社会产生较为普遍的影响。汉魏之际艺术精神的嬗变发生的内在动因，大致可以归纳为以下几个方面：1、在几种新思潮 —— 的共同作用下，士大夫与工匠艺术家的心灵世界都发生了很大的转变，以“道”为主体的哲学精神和以神秘自然力、巫鬼为特征的信仰精神，在影响着人们精神世界更深的层面；2、是由思想和身份都渐趋解放士大夫与工匠艺术家共同创造的结果；3、而东汉也是一个适合于进行自由艺术创造的时代，没有多少成法可依，没有许多圣者的真迹可供临摹，没有冥冥中骇人的主宰—…·，这样反而更充分地发挥出了大多数人的潜在的创造力。汉魏之际艺术精神的擅变虽然是一个不断变化的过程，它也形成了一种具有独立时代意义的精神特征，上承先秦西汉，但又比先秦西汉更多人性的意味，下启魏晋，却又没有魏晋那种近乎病态的积弱，它的色调是健康开朗、活泼多情的。它的形成极具开创性，不仅在实践上为此后积累了宝贵的经验，更确立了表现人的真实生命这一基本方向。
[Abstract]:The "the spirit of art" is a very difficult concept, because its meaning is both wandering and general. "to swim" In that historical period from time to time, the connotation of the term ""the spirit of art"" is different. State art spirit can be said to be an ongoing system; the "general" is expressed in this definition belongs to the art category, and is part of the fields of aesthetics, philosophy, history and the like, and can be obtained from different angles Therefore, as an important premise, this article defines it as" the body of literature and art " common-time essence The spirit of the present is the spirit of the present. "The scope of the discussion is mainly in the period between the end of the Western Han and the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Between the Han and the Wei, the spiritual world and the literature and art of the people have taken place. The change, the main performance is the self-life consciousness of the person, the awakening and the literature and art The transition has gone through a long-term, gradual process, from the generation to the prosperity, from the young to the fine. The reason for this transition is the special background of the time and the influence of the trend of the society. From the background of the background, the occurrence of two serious political crises, the increasingly frequent nature of the phenomena of the natural disasters, the crisis of the ideological and social science and the crisis of the belief and the people's mind, which are caused by this, constitute the two-hundred An obscure background tone for 60 years. However, "day",

"impercial p The idea of power of lower ", "a saint", etc. starts to move." The shake, which causes the people's minds to be at the loss of helplessness, also makes people think of it from the "trunk" to the "trunk" It is more important to be free from the dependency and worship of the "authority" , and more importantly, to The popularity of all kinds of new social thoughts has created a precious opportunity. In the last year of the Western Han Dynasty, the Taoist philosophy of nature was emphasized, and it was heavy As a result of the mysterious force and the folk Taoism of the witch of the faith, it has become a strong one The mysterious and mysterious social trend of thought, the center of this ideological trend is not "Chunk>" a go d ", more than a new authority, only in the true life. Special historical back In view of the background of the view and thought, the individual self-consciousness and the awakening of the life consciousness of the individual between the Han and the Wei were created. The inspiration and promotion of the setting. The change of the people's concept and the state of mind, such as the understanding of the universe, is becoming more and more open to the day. The understanding of the man-to-life system is made by the Bureau to the harmony of man-made center, and the understanding of life and death is more determined by the desire of the immortal. The rest of the world is to watch life and love life. People are in a state of mind The transformation of the scholar, for example, is often used to read the classics, to take an order, to set up the work, to stand for morality, and to make a positive progress to the realization of the students. The real way to the value of life, and between the Han and the Wei, is through the knowledge, the extensive in-depth of interest, and the life The development in the direction of the light of the fame, the dry administration, or the escape of the world, the official field of the game, and so on, The attitude of the craftsman and the artist is similar to that of the craftsman's artist. The change, which is broken through the double binding of the original identity and the spirit, has obtained the solution of the spirit In the same time, it also forms the independent belief and the dignity of one's own. The pursuit of the outside is to the real life. The return of the time is the general tendency of the time of the time of the time of the Han Wei, on which the Han Wei time-to-day The literature and art, such as the picture stone (brick), the grass book, the literati's five-word poetry and the lyrical little Fu, the Zheng's voice showed the same as the Western Han The characteristics of the time and spirit of the times that are very different from the literature and art of the middle period: such as the return Life, in the art of literature, is mainly the world of man-made center, although this period is haunted by illusory. The spirit of the gods, but also the color of the world, exists as the image of the life-preserving and protecting God. The one who is good at grasping one of the most beautiful and the most real one of the life; likes to depict. The power contained in all creatures; such as in the heavy. At the same time as a sound, a shape, and a word, more attention is paid to the lively spiritual leap of life; for example, note heavy An antenna that extends to an infinite amount of time and space, and holds a smooth, well-ventilated, self-feeling that is in agreement with the rhythm in the depths of the universe. In the new art, free and unfettered, unfettered and incisive, artistic spirit is human. The externalization of the image of the world, or the whole time, as the theory and concept of art The art has been proud of the changes in the spiritual world when it is still in practical purposes and moral dogma. The end of the Western Han and the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty must be marked with caution. It is divided into a distinct period of time, and it does not show that it is only after the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. The change, it is said, that after the social crisis of the last year of the Western Han Dynasty, all these changes have evolved into a remarkable The climate, which has a more general impact on society. The internal causes of the occurrence of the transformation can be summarized as follows:1. In the following aspects:1.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：J120.9

【引证文献】