原始纳西语及其历史地位研究

发布时间：2018-01-22 21:56

本文关键词： 纳西语彝缅语嘉戎语语音对应历史地位　出处：《北京大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：纳西语的历史地位,是学界长期争论的问题。本研究以纳西语方言调查材料为基础,建立方言之间系统严格的语音对应,构拟原始纳西语,并将原始纳西语与彝缅语言、嘉戎语进行比较,从系统对应、基本词汇等方面讨论纳西语的历史地位问题。本研究认为历史比较要追求充分性,并针对纳西语历史地位这一问题,将“还原比较法”的操作步骤调整为：(1)重构基本原始语;(2)亲缘分群；(3)扩充原始语;(4)原始语定位。基本原始纳西语的构拟利用了5个纳西语方言的材料,坚持了声、韵、调完全对应以及所有方言都有规则反映的最普遍对应,构拟出240多个语素。这批语素是现有证据下毫无疑问存在于原始纳西语阶段的语素。我们还构拟了原始纳西语的代词系统、指示词系统、疑问词系统,并讨论了一个可能存在的语法性前缀和部分基本词汇。纳西语方言的亲缘分群运用了三种方法。三种方法均支持纳西语分为西支(丽江、宝山)和东支(玛丽玛萨、宁蒗、永宁)。原始纳西语的扩充是基于亲缘分群的结果,按一定原则放宽完全对应和普遍对应标准,尽可能全地构拟出原始纳西语中的语素,同时又保证这些语素的可靠性。扩充后得到约790个语素。原始纳西语的定位是通过与原始彝语、茶堡嘉戎语的两两比较进行的。基于系统严格的语音对应,运用词阶法和“不可释原则”的结果显示,三个语言均为同源关系。从关系语素数量、核心词保留数量、对应关系可解释的部分、考古证据支持的分化年代这四个方面来看,纳西语-彝语之间的亲缘关系,相对于纳西语-嘉戎语之间的亲缘关系更近。三者之间的亲缘关系可表示为(嘉戎语(纳西语、彝语))。本文的主要贡献体现在以下四个方面：第一,系统调查了3个尚无描写材料的纳西语方言：宝山(云南玉龙县宝山乡石头城)、玛丽玛萨(云南维西县塔城镇汝柯村)、宁蒗(云南宁蒗县堰口坝村)。第二,基于约2000个常用词,建立了5个纳西语方言之间系统严格的语音对应,给出了完整的对应规则表和对应语素表。在对应的基础上讨论了纳西语的前冠音与前缀问题。第三,提出了一种新的亲缘分群方法,即利用基本原始语语素在各个方言之间的同音关系差异进行编码。在纳西语中具体运用了这一方法,并与前人提出的“共享创新法”和“词源统计法”进行了比较。第四,基于系统严格的语音对应,具体分析了纳西语、彝缅语、嘉戎语的亲缘关系,丛本理清了纳西语声调的来源与演变规律,对纳西语的历史地位问题作出了初步结论。
[Abstract]:The historical status of Naxi language is a long-debated issue in academic circles. Based on the investigation materials of Naxi dialect, this study establishes systematic and strict phonetic correspondence between dialects and constructs primitive Naxi language. By comparing the primitive Naxi language with Yi and Myanmar language and Jiarong language, this paper discusses the historical status of Naxi language from the aspects of systematic correspondence and basic vocabulary. This study holds that historical comparison should pursue adequacy, and aiming at the problem of Naxi's historical status, the operational steps of "reduction comparison method" should be adjusted to "1: 1") to reconstruct the basic original language; (2) phylogenetic group; (3) expanding the original language; Location of primitive language. The construction of the basic primitive Naxi language uses the materials of five Naxi dialects to adhere to the sound, rhyme, tone perfect correspondence and all dialects have the most common correspondence reflected by the rules. More than 240 morphemes have been constructed. These morphemes are undoubtedly present in the primitive Naxi language stage under the existing evidence. We have also constructed the pronoun system, the demonstrative word system, and the interrogative word system of the primitive Naxi language. A possible grammatical prefix and some basic words are discussed. There are three methods used in the kinship group of Naxi dialects, all of which support the Naxi language as the west branch (Lijiang, Baoshan) and the east branch (Mary Masa, Ninglang, Yongning). The expansion of primitive Naxi language is based on the result of kinship grouping. According to certain principles, the criteria of complete correspondence and universal correspondence are relaxed, and the morpheme of primitive Naxi language is constructed as fully as possible. At the same time, the reliability of these morphemes is guaranteed. The positioning of the original Naxi language is carried out through the comparison with the original Yi language and the Chabao Jiarong language. Based on the strict phonetic correspondence of the system, the results of the word order method and the "incomprehensible principle" are shown. The three languages are homologous. From the four aspects: the number of relational morphemes, the number of core words retained, the part of the corresponding relationship that can be explained, and the age of differentiation supported by archaeological evidence. The relationship between Naxi and Yi is closer than that between Naxi and Jiarong. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: First, three Naxi dialects that have not been described have been systematically investigated: Baoshan (Baoshan Township, Shitou City, Yulong County, Yunnan Province) and Mary Massa (Rucke Village, Tacheng, Wesi County, Yunnan Province). Ninglang (Yankouba Village, Ninglang County, Yunnan Province). Secondly, based on about 2000 common words, five Naxi dialects are systematically and strictly corresponding to each other. A complete corresponding rule table and a corresponding morpheme table are given. On the basis of the corresponding rules, the precrown and prefix problems in Naxi are discussed. Thirdly, a new method of predestination grouping is proposed, which uses the homonym difference of basic primitive morphemes in different dialects, and it is used in Naxi language. It is compared with the shared innovation method and the etymological statistics method. 4th, based on the systematic and strict phonetic correspondence, this paper analyzes the relationship among Naxi, Yi-Myanmar and Jiarong, and clarifies the origin and evolution of Naxi tones. A preliminary conclusion is made on the historical status of Naxi.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H257

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