《花月痕》代词研究

发布时间：2018-01-23 13:10

本文关键词： 代词人称代词指示代词疑问代词特殊代词花月痕　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《花月痕》是一部成书于咸丰年间的白话小说,情节委婉、布局新颖,文笔清新流畅,是中国小说史上的一部名著。再者,它是近代汉语时期的小说,研究它的代词有助于显现近代汉语的代词特点。目前学界对《花月痕》的研究主要集中在文学、成书时间以及作者生平考证等方面,对其语言方面的研究还尚未涉及。我们把《花月痕》中的代词作为此论文的研究对象,希冀通过分析小说中的代词来揭示清朝末期汉语代词的使用情况,探寻这个时期的代词的特征。依据学者们对代词的研究成果,再结合《花月痕》的语料,我们把《花月痕》中的代词分为人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词三大类。其中人称代词主要分为六个小类,分别是第一人称代词、第二人称代词、第三人称代词、反身代词、旁称代词和统称代词。在小说中,“我”和“我们”是使用频率最高的第一人称代词,在小说中可以充当各种语法成分,活跃度最高。“吾”、“吾辈”和“吾等”的使用范围比较窄,使用频率不高。第二人称代词“你”和“你们”是最主要的第二人称代词,这时期的代词已有单复数之分,使用时各担其职。“汝”与“尔”作为古代汉语代词在这部小说中的残留,使用的较少。第三人称代词主要是“他”和“他们”,在句中可以充当多种语法成分,使用范围比较宽。“其”作为第三人称代词在这部小说中,多用作定语,用法相当于“他的”或“他们的”。反身代词中使用最多的便是“自己”和“自”,虽然“自”是文言代词在这部小说中的遗留,但使用的范围却比较广泛,甚至比“自己”出现的频率还要高。旁称代词出现频率最高的是“别人”以及“人家”的一部分;统称代词中使用最多的是“大家”,具有很强的语法特点,在句中比较活跃,可以充当多种语法成分。指示代词可以分为近指代词和远指代词两类。其中近指代词主要是“这”,不仅可以单独使用,用作主语、定语等;还可以组词使用,形成复合结构,如“这般、这样、这种……”。而“此”及“此+X”形式虽然是文言代词的遗留,但在这部小说中依然具有很大的活跃性。“是”无疑也是古代汉语代词在这部小说中的残留成员,在《花月痕》中也有使用,主要是用在时间名词的前面,起修饰限定的作用。与近指代词相对的远指代词“那”也是使用频率最高的,主要用作定语。“那”的复合形式“那般”、“那种”等代词在小说中使用范围也较广泛。而文言代词“彼”在小说中虽然也存在,但是无论是从使用范围还是使用频率来说,使用的情况都较少。通过对《花月痕》指示代词的分析发现,“这”和“那”已经普遍使用,成为近指代词和远指代词的主要形式,而且可以充当多种语法成分,在句子中具有很强的活跃性。而一些文言代词如“此”、“彼”等虽然在小说中仍然存在,但不可否认的是,它们的使用范围比较小,我们相信随着语言的发展与进步,它们会逐渐被取代。根据《花月痕》疑问代词的实际情况,我们把这部小说的疑问代词分为7类,分别是:“什么”类、“那”类、“甚”类、“怎”类、“谁”类、“多少”类、“几”类。其中“什么”、“那”和“谁”出现的频率较高,作为主要的疑问代词来使用。通过对《花月痕》代词的分析研究,我们发现这部小说中的代词系统已初具现代汉语代词系统的轮廓,很多代词的用法已经与现代汉语代词的用法相差无几。但是这部成书于咸丰年间的小说,处于近代汉语向现代汉语过渡的时期,所以不仅具有近代汉语的特点,也兼具现代汉语的特色,相对来说比较复杂。研究总结发现,《花月痕》中的代词有几个特点,即一定程度的传承性、发展性、鲜明的地域特色、异词同形以及语言表述更加精准。传承性主要表现在一些古代汉语代词的使用上,如“吾、汝、我辈、汝们、彼、其”等代词依然在这部小说中存在,具有一定的使用范围。发展性主要体现在“我、我们、你、你们、这、那”等代词的广泛使用,并且成为这部小说的主要代词,而且它们的使用情况与现代汉语的使用基本一样,相差无几。鲜明的地域特色主要表现在作者是福建福州人,虽然长期生活在山西,但小说语言中不可避免地带有福州话的特点。福州话因为多种原因而著称,为许多学者所神往。福州话在语音、词汇、语法方面依然保存着上古的许多痕迹。表现在这部小说中便是一些基本词汇的使用以及语法的传承。如“箸”(筷子)的使用,“是”依然会作为指示代词而非判断词存在,以及语法方面依然存在宾语前置的情况。
[Abstract]:< > is the manner of a book written in the vernacular novels of Xianfeng, plot euphemism, layout novel, the style is fresh and smooth, China novel in the history of a masterpiece. Furthermore, it is the time of modern Chinese novels, it helps to visualize the pronoun pronoun features in modern Chinese research. The moon of flowers "> mainly in literature, writing time and the author's life and other aspects, to study the language is not involved. We put the < > in the manner of pronouns as the research object of this thesis, hoping to reveal the use of the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese Pronoun in the novels by analyzing the pronoun. To explore the characteristics of this period. On the basis of the pronoun pronoun research achievements of the scholars, combined with the manner of < > corpus, we put the < > in the manner of a pronoun is divided into personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronouns. Among the three categories of personal pronouns Mainly divided into six kinds, respectively is the first person, the second person pronoun, third person pronouns, reflexive pronouns, pangcheng pronoun and referred to as the pronoun. In the novel, "I" and "we" is the highest frequency of use of first person pronouns in the novel, can act as various grammatical components, active the highest degree. "I", "we" and "us" the use of relatively narrow scope, frequency of use is not high. The second person pronoun "you" and "you" is the most important of the second person pronoun, this period has single or plural pronouns, when using each bear their job. "You" and "Er" as the ancient Chinese pronoun residues in this novel, use less. The third person pronoun is "he" and "they" in the sentence can act as a variety of grammatical elements, the use scope is wide. "" as the third person pronoun in this novel, many The attributive, usage is equivalent to "him" or "they". The most use of the reflexive pronoun is "self" and "self" and "self" is the pronoun of classical Chinese although in this novel the legacy, but the use range is relatively wide, even higher than the rate of emergence of "self" the frequency. The highest frequency of referral pronoun "others" and "people" part of; use up in is referred to as the pronoun "everyone" has the grammatical features of strong, active in the sentence, can act as a variety of grammatical constituents. Demonstrative pronouns can be divided into proximal demonstrativepronoun and far pronoun two. The demonstrative pronoun is mainly "this", not only can be used alone as subject, attribute, etc.; can also use words, to form a composite structure, such as "this, this, this." and "this" and "the +X" is the word generation legacy of classical Chinese, but in Is still very active in this novel. "Yes" is the ancient Chinese pronoun residual members in this novel, in the manner of < > are also used, mainly used in front of the time noun, modifies the role. With the demonstrative pronoun relative pronoun "that far" is the highest frequency of use, mainly used as attributive. "The" compound "that", "that" the pronoun in the novel use scope is wide. The ancient Chinese Pronoun "he" in the novel, although there are, but whether it is from the use or the use of frequency, are less likely to use the situation. Through the analysis of the manner of demonstrative pronoun > <, "this" and "that" has been widely used and become nearly demonstrativepronoun and far refers to the main form of the pronoun, and can act as a variety of grammatical elements, with strong activity and in the sentence. Some classical Chinese pronouns such as "this", "that" although in the novel still exists, but it is undeniable that their use range is relatively small, we believe that with the development of language, they will gradually be replaced. According to the actual situation manner > interrogative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, we put this the novel is divided into 7 categories, namely: "what", "that", "what", "how", "who", "what", "a few". The "what", "the high frequency" and "who" appear, as the main question generation word to use. Through the analysis of "flower yuehen > pronouns, we found that the pronoun system in this novel has begun to take modern Chinese pronouns system outline, many have pronouns and modern Chinese pronouns. But this not much difference between a book in Xianfeng small said that in the modern Chinese To the modern Chinese transition period, so not only has the characteristics of modern Chinese, also with modern Chinese characteristics, is relatively complex. The research reveals that < > in the manner of pronoun has several characteristics, namely inheritance, a certain degree of development, distinctive regional characteristics, with different words and language expressions more accurate. The inheritance is mainly manifested in the use of some pronouns in ancient Chinese, such as "I, you, I, you, he, the other pronouns still exist in this novel, the use of certain. The development is mainly reflected in the" I, we, you, you, this widely the use of "pronouns, and become the main pronoun of this novel, and their use of modern Chinese is basically the same, not much difference between the distinctive regional characteristics. The author is mainly in Fujian Province, while living in Shanxi for a long time, but The characteristics of the language of the novel is unavoidable in the Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou dialect is known for a variety of reasons, many scholars are charmed. Fuzhou dialect in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar still retains many traces of ancient times. In this novel are some of the basic vocabulary and grammar, such as using "chopsticks" inheritance. (chopsticks) the use of "yes" will still be used as demonstrative pronouns and non judgment words exist, and grammar remain pre object.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H146

【共引文献】