现代汉语作格动词研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 15:31

本文关键词： 作格动词使役性兼类动词　出处：《南京大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“作格”在英语中叫ergative,在中国也被翻译为施格、唯动格、唯被动格等。作格现象最早指作格语言中不及物动词主语和及物动词宾语标注同一种格(通格),而及物动词主语标注另一种格(作格)的现象。在西方,作格研究已相当成熟,不同学者从类型学、动词分类、功能、认知等角度对作格进行了深入研究。但究竟什么是作格动词,学界尚无统一说法,对作格动词的进一步分类也不够,大部分只是借用作格的概念, 本文在解释作格概念的基础上,提出了现代汉语作格动词的检测标准。依据此标准在《汉语动词用法词典》和《汉语形容词用法词典》中共检测出101个典型作格动词。此外,还有一些带有构词语素“-化”的动词,虽然没有出现在通过考察得出的典型作格动词之中,但也是作格动词。本文以这些典型作格动词为范围,对其进行分类,全面考察现代汉语作格动词的特征。全文分成四章,第一章是引言,阐述了作格动词研究的目的和意义,梳理了“作格”概念的来源、发展和现代汉语作格动词的研究现状,说明了研究方法、范围和语料来源。第二章确定了现代汉语作格动词的性质与范围。本章首先就作格的概念,提出了两条检验作格动词的标准：一、看该动词是否兼类动词。二、看该动词是否具有使役性。以上两条标准需同时满足,方能认定该动词是一个作格动词。在两条标准的基础上,又借助自主/非自主的概念和体标记“着”、“了”进一步确定作格动词的性质。我们以兼类动词为基础,划定了现代汉语作格动词的范围。同时,用两条检测标准在《汉语动词用法词典》和《汉语形容词用法词典》中选取了一批典型的作格动词作为本文的研究对象。第三章分析了“开、暴露”类、“安定、便利”类和“X化”作格动词。并从构词角度将“开、暴露”类作格动词分成了单纯作格动词和合成作格动词,合成作格动词又分成并列式、偏正式、动宾式和动结式四类。经考察发现,不及物结构“NP2(客事)+V”中的V表示客事自身活动或性质的变化,既可以表示客事从始变到变化结束的全过程,也可以表示客事从始变到变化结束前的过程。其中,部分单纯作格动词、由这部分单纯作格动词构成的并列式作格动词和“安定、便利”类能单独表示活动结束后的状态或客事的性质。大部分合成作格动词中有一个语素表示客事变化后的状态,如动结式中的补语和“X化”中的X。作格动词以单纯作格动词和古代汉语中的作格动词为基础,衍生出了许多合成作格动词。其中,以并列式、动结式合成词和“安定、便利”类居多。这类作格动词一般至少含有一个具有作格特性的语素,而其作格用法是否具有典型性也与词中语素的作格性强弱有关。此外,作格性构词语素“-化”与形容词性的语素结合,也有很强的生成作格动词的能力。第四章总结了全文的观点。
[Abstract]:"making case" in English is called ergative. in China, it is also translated as "stylistic" and "movable case". The phenomenon of intransitive verb subject and transitive verb object marked the same case in the case language, while the subject of transitive verb marked another case. The case study has been quite mature. Different scholars have studied the case from typology, verb classification, function, cognition and so on. However, there is no unified view of what is a case verb. The further classification of ergative verbs is not enough either. Most of them are just borrowed from the concept of the case. This paper is based on the explanation of the concept of lattice. This paper puts forward a standard for the detection of verbs in modern Chinese, according to which 101 typical verbs are detected in the Dictionary of Chinese verb usage and the Dictionary of Chinese adjective usage. There are also some verbs with morphemes of formation, although they do not appear in the typical case verbs obtained by investigation, but they are also used as case verbs. In this paper, the scope of these typical verbs is taken as case verbs. The author classifies it and makes a comprehensive study of the characteristics of modern Chinese as case verbs. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which expounds the purpose and significance of the study of the case verb, combs the source of the concept of "making case", the development and the present situation of the study of the case verb in modern Chinese, and explains the research method. Scope and source of corpus. The second chapter determines the nature and scope of the modern Chinese ergative verb. Firstly, this chapter puts forward two criteria to test the ergative verb: first, to see if the verb is a verb of both categories. To see if the verb is causative. The above two criteria must be met simultaneously before we can decide that the verb is a case verb. On the basis of the two criteria, we can also use the concept and aspect of autonomy / non-autonomy to mark "works". We further determine the nature of the case verb. We define the scope of the case verb in modern Chinese on the basis of the concurrent verb. At the same time. A group of typical ergative verbs are selected as the research objects in the Dictionary of Chinese verb usage and the Chinese adjective usage Dictionary with two detection criteria. The third chapter analyzes the categories of "open, exposure", "stability, convenience" and "X" as the case verb, and from the perspective of word formation, the "open, exposed" type of case verb is divided into simple case verb and compound case verb. The synthetic case verbs are divided into four categories: juxtaposition, partial formality, verb-object type and verb-resultant type. After investigation, it is found that V in intransitive structure "NP2 (guest matter) V" indicates the change of guest matter's own activity or property. It can indicate the whole process from the beginning to the end of the change as well as the process from the beginning to the end of the change. The paratactic verb composed of this part of the simple case verb and "stability". The convenience class can represent the state after the end of the activity or the nature of the object separately. Most synthetic verbs have a morpheme indicating the state after the change of the object. For example, the complement in the verb resultant and the X in the "X" are based on the simple case verb and the ancient Chinese case verb, and many synthetic case verbs have been derived. Among them, the juxtaposition. Verb-resultant compound words and "stability, convenience" are more common. These verbs generally contain at least one morpheme with the character of making case. Moreover, the combination of morphemes and adjective morphemes also has a strong ability to make case verbs. Chapter 4th summarizes the views of the full text.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146.2

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