西方修辞推理视角下的中国古代“名家”辩题解读

发布时间：2018-03-23 18:39

本文选题：修辞推理　切入点：邓析　出处：《广西大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：修辞学是一门主要研究人类语言艺术及运用的学科,其中就包括推理说服这一领域的分析。受众是修辞推理的核心。亚里士多德认为,推理说服应首先诉诸于“逻各斯”,即逻辑理性,以确保说理过程合乎受众的理性思维。但由于受众的思维方式同时具有非理性的特点,要求修辞推理在具备逻辑合理性的同时需要关注由非理性引发的可能性问题,因而决定了其过程和形式与纯逻辑推理应有所区别,无论从正式性或完整性,论证的严谨度或精准性均没有严格的限制。修辞式推理并不作用于必然性论题,而是作用于存在争议的命题或个人观点的论述以及对受众推理填补性说服过程当中。本文所述的中国春秋战国时代“名家学说”的辩题属于此类的修辞式辩题,具有修辞推理的相关性质。 “名家学说”产生于古代中国,当时的科技知识的发展水平,人们对客观世界的认知虽有所进步,但依旧处于朴素的探索之中。这使得他们对事物的论述有其合理之处,也有片面甚至谬误之处。“名家”的辩题便是其中的典型,并因其独特的视角和推论手法,常被误解为“诡辩”在中国历史上备受非议,而在近代的介绍性文献中,西方的学者多从远东哲学、论辩学及悖论等方面理解“名家学说”。随着近年来对“名家学说”的复兴研究,学者们在总结前人成果的基础上,从哲学、逻辑学、符号学等诸多方面对其进行了重新的阐述。但在修辞理论框架下对“名家”的研究在国内外尚不多见,且鲜有利用修辞推理理论分析“名家”辩题。本文拟利用修辞的视角,首先论述修辞式推理的相关理论,并以此为基础,在阐明“名家”所处的社会环境与论辩活动的出发点后,以修辞的视角解读“名家”的修辞本质,随后通过列举邓析、惠施、公孙龙三人的辩题,分别分析他们在受众、可能性论证及修辞三段论的应用这三个方面的修辞应用。通过分析可以看到,“名家”辩题并非诡辩,而是一种将修辞、逻辑和论辩有机结合的推理论证方式,既具有东方特色又具备普世意义,这与西方修辞推理有着异曲同工之妙,是对中国古代认知发展的独特贡献。同时通过对比研究,本文旨在达到丰富中西方关于修辞推理理论以及阐明先秦学说说服技巧与实践意义的目的。
[Abstract]:Rhetoric is a discipline that mainly studies the art and application of human language, including the analysis of reasoning and persuasion. The audience is the core of rhetorical reasoning. Reasoning persuasion should first resort to "logos", that is, logical rationality, in order to ensure that the reasoning process conforms to the rational thinking of the audience. The process and form of rhetorical reasoning should be different from that of pure logical reasoning, regardless of its formality or completeness, because it requires that rhetorical reasoning should pay attention to the possibility caused by irrationality while it is logical rationality, it is decided that the process and form of rhetorical reasoning should be different from that of pure logic reasoning. There is no strict limit to the rigour or accuracy of argument. Rhetorical reasoning does not apply to the topic of inevitability. It is used in the discussion of controversial propositions or personal viewpoints and in the process of persuading the audience to infer and fill in the persuasion. The arguments of the famous scholars in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period in China belong to this kind of rhetorical arguments. It has the relevant properties of rhetorical reasoning. The "famous doctrine" came into being in ancient China. At that time, the level of development of scientific and technological knowledge and people's understanding of the objective world were improved, but they were still in the process of simple exploration, which made their exposition of things reasonable. There are also one-sided and even fallacious points of view. The subject of "famous scholars" is a typical one, and is often misunderstood as "sophistry" in Chinese history because of its unique angle of view and inferences, and it has been widely criticized in the modern introductory literature. Western scholars understand "famous school theory" from far East philosophy, argumentation and paradox, etc. With the revival of "famous school theory" in recent years, scholars have summarized the achievements of their predecessors, from philosophy, logic, etc. Semiotics and many other aspects have restated it, but the study of "famous school" in the framework of rhetoric theory is still rare at home and abroad, and few use rhetoric reasoning theory to analyze the topic of "famous school" debate. From the perspective of rhetoric, this paper first discusses the relevant theories of rhetorical reasoning, on the basis of which, after clarifying the social environment and the starting point of the argumentation activities of "famous school", this paper interprets the rhetorical essence of "famous school" from the perspective of rhetoric. Then, by enumerating the debates of Deng, Hui and Gong Sunlong, the author analyzes their rhetorical applications in three aspects, namely audience, possibility argument and the application of rhetorical syllogism. Through the analysis, we can see that the debate of "famous school" is not sophistry. It is a way of reasoning and argumentation that combines rhetoric, logic and argumentation. It has the characteristics of the East and the universal significance, which is similar to that of the Western rhetorical reasoning. It is a unique contribution to the cognitive development of ancient China. Through comparative study, this paper aims to enrich the rhetorical reasoning theory in both China and the West and to clarify the persuasive skills and practical significance of the pre-Qin theory.
【学位授予单位】：广西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15

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