英汉颜色词次范畴对比研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 17:37

本文选题：颜色词次范畴 + 体现形式　；参考：《东北师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：颜色词是人类对色彩感知、范畴化并用自然语言进行编码的结果，是用来描述事物颜色属性(色调、明度和饱和度)的词语，是人类语言中一个相对独立且在动态发展的词汇系统。颜色词历来是哲学家、人类学家、心理学家和语言学家等共同关心的焦点，也是当代语言学研究的前沿课题之一,相关研究从不同视角展开,著述频出。相关研究虽然各有见地，但也存在诸多局限。例如，西方学者的颜色词研究多沿袭语言相对论与语言进化论的理论范式，多采用传统的人类学、心理学研究方法,多以英语作为元语言和对象语言，多以颜色词基本范畴为研究对象，很少涉及颜色词的次范畴—非基本颜色词，所揭示的也仅是颜色词研究中诸多问题的几个方面。而国内学者在进行英汉颜色词对比研究时，也是以颜色词基本范畴为对象，未将颜色词次范畴作为主要内容来探讨，既缺乏跨语言的对比分析，又缺乏对深层的语义机制阐释。因此，本文在评述颜色词相关研究的基础上，对英汉颜色词次范畴展开了对比研究，主要回答以下研究问题： 1.英汉颜色词次范畴在体现形式方面的共性和差异是什么？ 2．英汉颜色词次范畴在文体特征方面的共性和差异是什么？ 3.英汉颜色词次范畴在认知机制方面的共性和差异是什么？本研究依据认知语言学的范畴化理论、概念映射理论及系统功能语法的例示理论，提出了英汉颜色词次范畴对比研究的认知语义研究模式，在此基础上，基于语料库的量化研究与质化研究相结合的研究方法及对比研究方法，首先对问卷调查获取的语料及选自A Dictionary of Colour、Oxford English Dictionary在线词典、《现代汉语词典》、《颜色描写词典》、《中国颜色名称》、《现代汉语颜色词词表》、美国当代英语语料库(COCA)和北京大学现代汉语语料库(CCL)的语料以及自建语料库中的语料进行整理、分类,考察这些语料中非基本颜色词的出现和使用情况，然后进行对比分析。对比研究发现,英汉颜色词次范畴在体现形式、文体特征及认知机制方面均存在着共性与差异。研究发现，英汉两种语言颜色词次范畴的形态结构大体相同，均包含实物颜色词、专名颜色词、程度颜色词及间色词四类。然而，从体现形式上看，英汉非基本颜色词除由基本颜色词相互结合、基本颜色词与实物名称结合或基本颜色词加修饰词构成这一共性特征外，，英语非基本颜色词体现形式更加多样，实物颜色词及间色词的构成形式均多于汉语。英汉非基本颜色词作为以英汉基本颜色词为认知原型进一步切分而成的又一原型范畴，均具有模糊性、比喻性、使用的“专门”性等语义特征及描写功能、表情功能等语用功能，多出现于文学作品、汽车、手机等电子产品及服装与装饰装潢材料等产品广告中。研究还发现，非基本颜色词的衍生是次范畴化的过程；在这一过程中借助于隐喻、转喻和概念整合等认知方式。英汉实物颜色词和大部分专名颜色词是隐喻构建的,是基于“颜色是实物”这一实体隐喻而形成的。其源域喻体主要集中在常见的植物、动物、矿物/金属、珠宝、自然现象及人类活动等方面，其中“实物名称+基本颜色词”类实物颜色词的源域又以植物域为最。而英汉各种实物颜色词的源域喻体选择又具有各自的特点,例如,英语中以地名、化工及人类活动为源域喻体构成的实物颜色词在数量上明显多于汉语;而“实物名称+color(ed)/色”类实物颜色词在源域的选择上，汉语也以植物域为最，而这类英语颜色词的源域喻体选择没有显著差别。此外，人们还将某种色彩的使用者或与之相关的地名等用作喻体来表达与之相关的颜色，如：Turkey red、Alice blue、Lincolngreen、“澳门绿”、“海军蓝”等，这也从一侧面反映了人们认知水平的提高及语言表达方式的日益多样化。此外,英语中有数目可观的实物颜色词和少数专名颜色词是通过转喻构建的，人们用日常生活中所熟知的植物、动物、用品、化工产品和宝石名称（其中以植物名称为最）等直接转喻与之相关的、突显的颜色。人们也常把地点与发生在该地点上的事件、位于该地点上的机构紧密联系起来,用地名转喻有关的人、事件或机构等。例如：magenta是意大利一城镇，是1859年著名的马真塔战役的战地，品红这种染料恰于同年发现，因此,人们以该战城转喻“品红”这一颜色。与隐喻式实物颜色词不同，这类转喻式英语实物颜色词的色彩表达已完全脱离了颜色词范畴，仅用一实物名称转指其突显的颜色，其能产性强，在英语非基本颜色词中占有相当的比重(38.4%)。相比之下，汉语的此类颜色词较少,仅占汉语非基本颜色词总量的1.38%。而且,因为此类颜色词是多义词，其使用需要有语境提示，否则，它们只是一些实物名称，例如:“鹤”是“鸟类的一属”,只有在诸如“鹤发童颜”、“鹤发松姿”等词中才转喻表达“白色”之义。英汉程度颜色词是方位隐喻构建的。汉语程度颜色词中还有一类是通过通感隐喻构建的。这类程度颜色词可具体分为四类：色觉沟通听觉颜色词、色觉沟通味觉颜色词、色觉沟通肤觉颜色词和色觉沟通嗅觉颜色词。这类颜色词是人们通过联想将色觉与各感官沟通而形成的，不仅表达色彩信息，还表达人们对所描述事物的爱憎情感等。相比之下，英语中除soft red等少数词之外，很少有与汉语对应的由通感隐喻构建的颜色词。这也从一个侧面体现了所属语言系统对其词汇表达的制约。而英汉间色词的认知机制是概念整合。以间色词“蓝绿”为例，它由基本颜色词“蓝”和基本颜色词“绿”整合而成，其中，“蓝”和“绿”分属两个输入空间，“蓝”像晴天天空的颜色，“绿”像草和树叶茂盛时的颜色，是蓝颜料和黄颜料混合成的颜色。来自两个输入空间的构成成分通过跨空间的映现形成了一种新的色彩概念：“蓝绿”色。可见,非基本颜色词既是是人类色彩认知深化与跨越范畴认知的产物，又是群体共识，与一个民族的文化密切相关。它直接反映语言社团如何将色彩经验识解(construe)为意义，这个认知过程以范畴化为基础。其范畴化及次范畴化反映着一个民族认识事物的独特思维方式。非基本颜色词与文化语境息息相关，与其使用情景语境紧密关联。英汉颜色词次范畴的体现形式、文体特征及认知机制的趋同性与差异性从一个侧面揭示了英汉两种语言在表征颜色范畴方面的共性与差异及语言范畴与认知能力、群体共识、民族文化的密切关系。本研究具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。首先，本研究将认知语言学的范畴化理论和概念映射理论及系统功能语法的例示理论应用于英汉颜色词次范畴的对比研究中，一方面扩展了相关理论的应用范围,另一方面加深了人们对相关理论的理解和认识。本研究首次对非基本颜色词进行定义和系统分类，首次提出“专名颜色词”这一概念；并在前人研究基础上提出了颜色词次范畴对比研究的认知语义研究模式，为不同种类词汇范畴化研究提供了统一的理论框架；本研究首次运用基于语料库的量化研究与质化研究相结合的研究方法对英汉颜色词次范畴的体现形式、文体特征及认知机制进行对比分析；也是首次尝试对颜色词汇系统中的非基本颜色词进行全面、系统的分析探讨。颜色词次范畴对比研究从一个侧面揭示了两种语言在表征颜色范畴方面的差异及两种文化思维模式的差异；也在一定程度上支持了Levinson(1997;2003)对SapirWhorf假说新解观点，即：人类语言原子层面的一致性与分子层面的差异性,丰富人们对人类跨范畴认知的认识；进而加深了人们对语言范畴与非语言思维之间关系的理解。其次，本研究从体现形式，文体特征和认知机制三个方面对比分析英汉非基本颜色词的共性和差异，对比分析的结果可对外汉语教学、英语教学、英汉翻译和词典编纂提供参考。
[Abstract]:Color words are the result of human perception, categorization, and coding in natural languages. It is a term used to describe the color properties of things (hue, brightness, and saturation). It is a relatively independent and dynamic lexical system in the human language. The color words have always been philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, and linguists. The focus of concern is also one of the frontiers of contemporary linguistics. The related research is unfolded from different perspectives and has been written frequently. Although the relevant studies have various perspectives, there are many limitations. For example, the study of color words in the western scholars mostly follows the theoretical paradigm of the theory of Language Relativity and language intake. The study method of science mainly uses English as a metalanguage and object language, most of which take the basic category of color words as the research object, and seldom involve the subcategory of color words - non basic color words. It is also only a few aspects of the problems in the study of color words. The basic category of words is the object. It does not discuss the category of color terms as the main content. It lacks the comparative analysis of cross language and the explanation of the deep semantic mechanism. Therefore, on the basis of a review of the related studies of color words, this paper makes a comparative study on the category of color terms in English and Chinese, and mainly answers the following research questions:
1. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese subcategories of colors?
2. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese color subcategories in stylistic features?
3. what are the similarities and differences between English and Chinese color sub category in cognitive mechanism?
Based on the categorization theory of cognitive linguistics, the theory of conceptual mapping and the illustrative theory of systemic functional grammar, this paper puts forward the cognitive semantic research model of the contrastive study of the category of color terms in English and Chinese. On the basis of this, the research methods and comparative methods based on the combination of quantitative research and qualitative research of corpus are first of the questionnaire. The data obtained from the survey are selected from A Dictionary of Colour, Oxford English Dictionary online dictionary, modern Chinese dictionary, color description dictionary, Chinese color name, modern Chinese color word list, American Contemporary English Corpus (COCA) and Peking University modern Chinese corpus (CCL), as well as the language in the self built Corpus The materials are sorted and classified, and the appearance and use of non basic color words in these materials are examined and compared, and then the comparative analysis shows that there are similarities and differences in the forms, stylistic features and cognitive mechanisms of the categories of color terms in English and Chinese.
The study found that the morphology and structure of the categories of the two languages in English and Chinese are generally the same, including the object color words, the special name color words, the degree color words and the interval color words. However, in the form of embodiment, the non basic color words in English and Chinese are combined with the basic color words, the basic color words are combined with the physical names, or the basic color words are added. As a common feature of words, English non basic color words are more varied, and the form of color words and color words are more than Chinese.
The non basic color words in English and Chinese are another archetype category, which are further divided by the basic color words of English and Chinese as cognitive archetype. They all have fuzzy, figurative, "special" and other semantic features, descriptive functions, expression functions and other pragmatic functions, which appear in literary products, cars, mobile phones and other electronic products and clothing and ornaments. In the advertisement of the products of decoration and so on.
It is also found that the derivation of non basic color words is the process of subcategorization; in this process, it is based on metaphor, metonymy and conceptual integration. The English and Chinese physical color words and most of the special name color words are constructed by metaphor, based on the real body metaphor of "color is physical". The source domain metonymy is mainly concentrated in the process. Common plants, animals, minerals / metals, jewels, natural phenomena and human activities, among which the source domain of the physical color words like "physical name + basic color words" is the most in the plant domain, and the source domain metaphorical selection of various kinds of object color words in English and Chinese has its own characteristics, for example, in English, geographical names, chemical and human activities are the source. The physical color words made up of the domain metaphor are obviously more than the Chinese, while the "physical name +color (ED) / color" color words in the source domain are selected in the source domain, and the Chinese are also the most in the plant domain, while the source domain selection of these types of English color words is not significantly different. The other colors such as Turkey red, Alice blue, Lincolngreen, "Macao green" and "Navy Blue" are used as metonymy to reflect the improvement of people's cognitive level and the increasing diversity of language expression.
In addition, a considerable number of physical color words and a few special name color words are constructed by metonymy, and people use daily life known plants, animals, supplies, chemical products and gemstone names, such as the name of the plant, which are directly related to the color. People often take place and take place in the place. The events on the point, which are closely linked by the institutions at the site, are metonymic with people, events, or institutions. For example, magenta is a town in Italy, a famous battle of the battle of the MAGTA in 1859, and fuchsin was found just in the same year, so people metonymy "fuchsin" in the city.
Different from the metaphorical object color words, the color expression of this kind of metonymy English word color words has completely separated from the category of color words. It only uses a physical name to refer to its highlighted color. It can produce a strong property and occupies a considerable proportion in the non basic English words (38.4%). In contrast, the Chinese words are less than the Chinese. The total amount of basic color words is 1.38%. and, because such words are polysemous, they need to have contextual hints, otherwise they are only some physical names, for example, "crane" is a "one of the birds", only in words such as "cranes hair children", "cranes" and other words are metonymy to express the meaning of "white".
The color words in English and Chinese are constructed by the azimuth metaphor. There is a class of Chinese degree color words which are constructed by synaesthesia. The degree color words can be divided into four categories: color sense, auditory color words, color words, color words and color sense of smell color words. Associating with the sense of color and the sense of communication, not only expresses color information, but also expresses people's love and hatred for the things described. In contrast, there are few words in English, except for a few words like soft red, which are constructed by synaesthesia metaphor. The restriction of expression.
The cognitive mechanism of the English and Chinese words is a conceptual integration. With the "blue green" as an example, it is integrated with the basic color word "blue" and the basic color word "green". Among them, "blue" and "green" belong to two input spaces. "Blue" is like the color of the sky in clear sky. "Green" is like the color of grass and leaves when the grass and leaves flourish, and it is blue pigment and yellow. The color of the mixture is formed. The components from the two input spaces form a new color concept through the cross space mapping: "blue green" color.
It can be seen that the non basic color words are both the product of the cognitive deepening and cross category cognition of human color, and the group consensus, which is closely related to the culture of a nation. It directly reflects the meaning of the language community how to understand the color experience understanding (construe). The cognitive process is based on the model domain. Its categorization and subcategorization reflect the one. The non basic color words are closely related to the cultural context and are closely related to the context of the situation. The expression, the stylistic features and the cognitive mechanism of the English and Chinese color categories reveal the similarities and similarities between the two languages of English and Chinese in the representation of the color category from one side. Differences are closely related to language category and cognitive ability, group consensus and national culture.
This study has certain theoretical and practical significance.
First, this study applies the categorization theory and conceptual mapping theory of cognitive linguistics and the example theory of systemic functional grammar to the comparative study of the category of color terms in English and Chinese. On the one hand, it extends the application scope of the related theories, and on the other hand, it deepens people's understanding and understanding of the related theories.
In this study, the first definition of non basic color words and systematic classification is the first time to put forward the concept of "special name color words", and on the basis of previous studies, a cognitive semantic research model for the comparative study of the category of color word category is proposed, which provides a unified theoretical framework for the study of different categories of vocabulary categorization. It is the first attempt to make a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the non basic color words in the color vocabulary system of the color vocabulary system, which is a comparative analysis of the form, stylistic features and cognitive mechanism of the category of English and Chinese color terms in the combination of quantitative and qualitative research.
The comparative study of the category of color terms reveals the differences between the two languages in characterizing the category of color and the difference between the two modes of cultural thinking, and to a certain extent, it supports a new view of the SapirWhorf hypothesis by Levinson (1997; 2003), that is, the difference between the consistency of the atomic level and the molecular level of the human language. People's understanding of human's Cross category cognition deepens people's understanding of the relationship between linguistic category and nonverbal thinking.
Secondly, this study compares the similarities and differences between English and Chinese non basic color words from the three aspects of form, stylistic features and cognitive mechanisms. The results of comparison and analysis can provide reference for teaching Chinese as a foreign language, English teaching, English-Chinese translation and lexicography.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136;H313

【参考文献】