清末民国四种国语语音教材及拼音方案比较研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 06:58

本文选题：清末民国 + 国语　；参考：《福建师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：清末民国的拼音运动体现了言文一致、国语统一的时代要求,其探索与革新,为当代汉民族标准语的确立奠定了基础。本课题立足于清末民国时期威妥玛《语言自迩集》、卢戆章《北京切音教科书》、王照《官话合声字母》以及赵元任《新国语留声片课本》等四种以北京语音为标准音的国语教材及相关拼音方案的比较研究,着重考察清末民国以来四种国语语音教材所体现的语音特征及变化,探索以北京语音为标准音的现代汉语标准语的发展演变规律,同时比较清末民国以来较有代表性的教材及拼音方案的特征、源流以及利弊得失。从纵向的角度看,四种教材在时间上的跨度虽然不算大,但是同样反映了这段时间里北京语音所正在发生的的演变及特征。从横向的角度看,不同的作者所记载的北京语音及其拼音字母方案设计体现了个体的差异。四种教材的声母系统与今普通话系统基本一致,区别仅在于具体字母的使用方式上以及少数字母的音值。从《自迩集》到《新国语留声片课本》的韵母记载,体现了《等韵图经》以来北京语音韵母方面的尚未完成的部分演变,包括果摄io-uo-ue的演变,果摄o-uc、o-e韵母的演变及分化,iai韵母的演变以及来母字撮口呼音节luan、lun的演变。在声调方面,四种国语教材的声调类型相同,均采用北京的四声,区别仅在于标调方式以及具体字例读音上。四种国语教材对连读音变及轻声、儿化的记载有相承之处又有所变化,尤其是对轻声的记载体现了由不统一而逐步统一的变化特点。在方案设计方面,有很多字母使用的“首创”行为。几个方案各具得失,但是这些方案设计对后来的汉语拼音方案提供了重要的借鉴。概括而言,四种教材的语音记载,体现了北京语音异读逐渐减少,语音日趋统一的变化过程。四种教材五套拼音字母方案的字母使用特点,体现了现代汉语拼音方案与清末民国诸多拼音字母方案的沿革关系。四种教材的总体风貌,则体现了民族标准语逐步走向统一、规范、科学的发展进程。
[Abstract]:The pinyin movement of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China embodied the requirements of the times of the unity of spoken and written language and the unity of national language, and its exploration and innovation laid the foundation for the establishment of the standard language of the contemporary Han nationality. This subject is based on the four standards of Beijing Phonetics, such as Wade from you during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Lu Duchang's Beijing phonetic textbook, Wang Zhao's official Chinese alphabet and Zhao Yuanren's New Guoyu Pronunciation textbook. A Comparative study of Mandarin Teaching Materials and Pronunciation programs, Focusing on the phonological characteristics and changes embodied in the four Mandarin phonetic textbooks since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, this paper explores the development and evolution of modern Chinese standard language with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation. At the same time, the characteristics, origin, advantages and disadvantages of the representative textbooks and Pinyin since the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China were compared. From a vertical point of view, although the time span of the four textbooks is not large, it also reflects the evolution and characteristics of the speech in Beijing during this period of time. From a horizontal point of view, the design of Beijing phonetic and phonetic alphabet recorded by different authors reflects individual differences. The consonant system of the four textbooks is basically the same as that of the present mandarin system. The difference lies only in the use of specific letters and the sound values of a few letters. The vowel records from "from you Ji" to "New Mandarin Phonograph textbook" reflect the incomplete evolution of Beijing phonetic vowels since the "Isohyme Chronicles", including the evolution of io-uo-ue. The evolution and differentiation of the vowel of o-ucuco-e and the evolution of the vowel of iai and the phonetic syllable of Luanlun. In terms of tone, the four mandarin textbooks have the same tone types, all of which use the four tones of Beijing. The difference lies only in the way of standard tone and the pronunciation of concrete characters. The four kinds of mandarin textbooks are different from each other in terms of phonetic change and soft voice, and the records of Pediatrics are different from each other, especially the records of soft voice reflect the characteristics of change from disunity to gradual unification. In the design of the scheme, there are a lot of alphabetical use of the "initiative" behavior. Several schemes have their own advantages and disadvantages, but these schemes provide important reference for the later Chinese phonetic schemes. To sum up, the phonetic records of the four textbooks reflect the changing process of the gradual decrease of Beijing phonetic heteronym and the gradual unification of pronunciation. The characteristics of the use of the letters of the five sets of phonetic alphabet in four kinds of teaching materials reflect the evolution of the modern Chinese phonetic alphabet scheme and many Pinyin alphabet schemes in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The general style and features of the four teaching materials reflect the development process of the national standard language step by step towards unification, standardization and science.
【学位授予单位】：福建师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H125.1;H114-4

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