意向性作用下的语篇组构研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 14:10

本文选题：意向性 + 语篇组构　；参考：《复旦大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：在语篇语言学研究中,语篇结构的研究被视作极为重要却又开展得最不充分的论题。过往的语篇结构研究多以静态分析为主,不能很好地反映语篇结构的全貌。其实,语篇在生成过程中会受到多种因素的影响。从每种影响因素出发,都可对语篇结构展开分析。然而,相对其他因素而言,语篇创作主体的意向性(Intentionality)始终贯穿于语篇的整个生成过程中。因此,在我们看来,语篇结构是主体多个意向认知活动之间的关系在语言层面的投射。本研究倾向于认为语篇是人类认知心理过程的产物,将语篇的整个动态生成过程,看作是主体将大脑中的一系列意向认知活动以语言的形式不断外化的过程。主体意向认知活动之间的复杂关系,可在语篇内部形成不同的语义层次以及层级关系。在本研究中,我们援引了语言哲学领域的意向性理论作为理论框架,通过分析语义分层对语篇组构展开研究,旨在探索一种语篇分析的新方法。语篇的生成与组构,其实质是主体将围绕某个话题展开的一系列意向活动诉诸语言的动态过程。意向活动作为主体以各种意向方式反映外部活动的认知活动,如果没有一个将它表达出来的言说活动,就只可能被主体在大脑中体验,不可能被他人所认识。因此,语言具有派生的意向性。这也意味着,一个完整的意向活动应同时包含言说活动、意向活动与外部活动三种。所以,我们所了解到的、来自他人的意向活动,以及我们自身发出的、希望被他人所知晓的意向活动,其实都是包含言说活动和外部活动在内的完整的意向活动。对一个完整的意向活动加以形式化的表达,便可从中提取出意向性结构。它在语言中可体现为：言说性语言成分[言说城意向性语言成分[意向城基本语句意向城]言说城]。依据言说活动、意向活动和外部活动之间的包含关系,单个意向性结构内部可分出层层套叠的三个层次：言说层意向层外部层(“”表示“包含”)。当意向性结构投射在语篇层面时,语篇内部也会形成相应的语义分层：言说层意向层外部层(“”表示“包含”)。言说性语言成分(言说名词与言说动词)与意向性语言成分(意向名词、意向动词与意向形容词)等可分别成为言说层与意向层的判别标记,而意向名词或言说名词的回指、标志意向行为和言说行为结束的话语标记语、意向性语言成分和言说性语言成分的语义搭配要求等可成为三个语义层次的管界判别手段。而语义分层得以实现,主要依靠的是意向域与言说域的展开与嵌织,以及能够标记所在语义层次的意向性语言成分与言说性语言成分对相应意向域与言说域的语义管控。由此也就形成了语篇的不同层次结构和组织特征。从意向性的研究视角出发,语篇的组构也就被还原为多个意向性结构的交织。语篇的组构方式可分为单个意向性结构(一阶)内部的组构和多个意向性结构(两个或两个以上的阶)的组构。它们都可通过语义层次的递归来完成,分别体现为阶内递归与阶际递归。其中,阶际递归在语篇中可表现为从属递归、并列递归与这两种递归的综合体现。虽然语篇在组构过程中会涉及来自其他主体的话语,每个主体的话语又都会涉及言说层、意向层和外部层这三个语义层次,且每个层次又存在拓展的情况,但位于语篇最高层的意向性结构是由语篇创作主体发出的,可被描写为：具有此时此地现场性的时间状语或处所状语+第一人称主语+第二人称间接宾语或介词宾语+肯定形式的言说动词+[言说城意向动词[意向城……意向城]方说城]。因此,意向性作用下的语篇组构,表现为多个意向性结构通过语义层次,以阶内递归与阶际递归两种组构方式,嵌套进起整体语义管控作用的语篇最高层意向性结构之中,推动整个语篇的生成。然而,由于主体短时记忆的限制,以及语言交际中意向性语言成分与言说性语言成分可以零形态存在,所以语篇中的阶内递归与阶际递归通常不会采取完全的语言形态。这就导致人们在创作语篇时,往往感觉不到自己在言说多个完整的意向性结构。第一章是绪论。介绍了本文的研究对象与研究视角,综述了前人对语篇结构与语篇分层的研究,指出援引意向性理论来研究语篇组构的必要性与研究思路,简述各章内容安排与语料来源。第二章讨论意向性结构及其内部分层。首先对意向性理论的发展与流变进行了梳理,论述了意向性在人文社会科学研究中特别是在语篇结构研究中的意义,进而确定了本研究在理论上主要接受塞尔的观点：根据一个意识活动是否以自身以外的对象和事态作为表征内容,判断其是否属于意向活动；根据一个意识活动是否包含当下意识活动以外的其他意识活动,判断它是否具有一定的结构与层次；语言具有派生的意向性,语言符号所指的对象与事态,必须首先是说话人通过内在的意向性所意识到的对象与事态。据此,界定了本研究考察意向活动与语篇组构的基本单位一一意向性结构,并探讨了它的内部分层：言说层意向层外部层(“”表示“包含”)。第三章分析意向性结构在语言中的投射。首先逐一论述意向性结构的组成部件一一意向内容、言说内容、意向方式与言说方式,同时考察了它们的语言表现一一意向域、言说域、意向性语言成分(意向名词、意向动词与意向形容词)、言说性语言成分(言说名词与言说动词)。接着分析了意向域与言说域、意向性语言成分与言说性语言成分之间的关系。最后分别考察了单次意向活动与单次言说活动在语言中的投射,并在此基础上,讨论了整个意向性结构的语言体现。第四章探讨意向性结构的内部分层在语篇层面的投射情况。论述了受意向性结构内部分层的影响,语篇内部也会形成相应的语义层次：言说层意向层外部层(“”表示“包含”)。具体考察了这三个语义层次的判别标记与管界判断手段,阐述了语义层次在语篇中的几种分布情况。第五章对意向性结构与语篇语义层次之间的关系进行了拓展分析。论证了语篇的组构可通过语义层次间的递归来完成,据此可将语篇中的组构分为两种：单个意向性结构内部的递归(阶内递归)与多个意向性结构的递归(阶际递归)。提出了区分阶际递归与阶内递归的三种方式,并以此为基础,分析了阶际递归在语篇中的多种具体表现。最后论述了语篇的创作主体与意向性结构之间的关系。第六章是个案分析。为了展现这种语篇组构分析方法在语言实践中的运用与操作,随机挑选了篇幅长短不同、话语类型不同的六个自由语篇作为个案进行组构分析。这些自由语篇依照篇幅由短到长,依次排列。第七章是结语。对全文的研究内容进行了总结,列出主要结论,并指出研究的不足之处与有待进一步努力的方向。
[Abstract]:In the study of discourse linguistics, the study of textual structure is regarded as an extremely important but the most inadequate topic. The previous study of textual structure is mostly static analysis, which can not reflect the full picture of the text structure. In fact, the text will be influenced by many factors during the process of generation. The textual structure is analyzed. However, relative to other factors, the intentionality of the subject of text creation (Intentionality) is always permeated through the whole process of the creation of the text. Therefore, it seems to us that the textual structure is the projection of the relationship between the many intentional cognitive activities of the subject in the language level.
This study tends to think that discourse is the product of the cognitive process of human cognition. The process of the whole dynamic generation of the text is regarded as the process of externalizing a series of intentional cognitive activities in the brain in the form of language. The complex relationship between the cognitive activities of the subjective intention can form different semantic levels within the text. In this study, we cite the theory of intentionality in the field of philosophy of language as a theoretical framework, and through the analysis of semantic stratification to study the textual composition, we aim to explore a new method of discourse analysis.
The formation and composition of a text, in essence, is the dynamic process of a series of intentional activities that the subject launches around a topic. The intentional activity, as the subject, reflects the cognitive activities of the external activity as a subject, and if there is no one that expresses it, it can only be experienced by the subject in the brain. It can be recognized by others. Therefore, language has derived intentionality. It also means that a complete intentional activity should include three kinds of activity, intentional activity and external activity. Therefore, what we understand, the intentional activities from others, and the intentional activities that we own, and hope to be known by others, are actually all It is a complete intentional activity including speech activities and external activities. An intentional structure can be extracted from the formal expression of a complete intentional activity. In language, it can be reflected as a verbal component of a verbal language [the city of intent city of intent city] speech city].
According to the relationship between speech activity, intentional activity and external activity, a single intentional structure can be divided into three layers: the outer layer of the intentional layer of the speaker layer ("" contains "). When the intentional structure is projected at the discourse level, the corresponding semantic stratification will be formed within the discourse. The external layer ("" contains "). The verbal elements of a verbal language (verbal and verbal verbs) and intentional language components (intentional nouns, intentional verbs and intentional adjectives) can be identified respectively as the discriminatory markers of the speech and intentional words, while the intentional nouns or the anaphora of the words and words mark the end of the intentional behavior and the speech act. Markup language, intentional language component and the semantic collocation requirement of verbal language components can be used as three semantic levels, and the semantic stratification is realized, mainly relying on the unfolding and weaving of the intentional and speaking domains, as well as the intentional language component and the spoken language component that can mark the semantic level of the semantic layer. The semantic control of the corresponding intentional domain and the speaking domain also forms the different levels and organizational characteristics of the text.
From the perspective of intentionality, the composition of a text is also reduced to a variety of intentional structures. The structure of a text can be divided into a single intentional structure (a first order) and a group of two or more intentional structures (or more than two orders). All of them can be completed by the recurrence of the semantic level, respectively. Step recursion and order recursion. Among them, order recursion can be shown as subordinate recursion, parallel recursion and the synthesis of these two recursion. Although the discourse involves the discourse from other subjects in the structure process, the discourse of each subject involves the speech layer, the meaning level and the outer layer, and each layer. The intention structure at the highest level of the text is issued by the subject of discourse creation, which can be described as: the time adverbials, the adverbials, the first person, the second person indirect object, the prepositional object and the affirmative verb + [the intention city] The city] Fang said the city].
Therefore, the textual structure under intentionality is expressed as two types of intentionality structure, which are nested into the most intentional structure of the discourse at the highest level of the text through the semantic level, with the order of order recursion and order recursion, and promote the formation of the whole text. Intertemporal intentional language components and verbal language components can be zero form, so the order recursion and the order recursion in the text do not usually take complete language form.
The first chapter is the introduction. It introduces the research object and research perspective of this article, summarizes the previous studies on the structure of discourse and the stratification of discourse, and points out the necessity and research ideas of the textual composition by invoking the intentionality theory, and briefly describes the contents of each chapter and the source of the corpus.
The second chapter discusses the intentional structure and its internal stratification. First, it combs the development and rheology of the intentionality theory, expounds the significance of intentionality in the study of human social science, especially in the study of discourse structure, and then determines that this study mainly accepts Searl's viewpoint in theory: whether a conscious activity is based on the theory of consciousness The objects and events other than themselves are used as the characterization content to judge whether they belong to the intentional activity; to determine whether it has a certain structure and level according to whether a conscious activity contains other conscious activities other than the present conscious activity; the language has derived intentionality, and the object and state of the language must first be the object and the state of affairs. According to the object and state of affairs that the speaker is aware of by internal intentionality, the speaker defines the intentional structure of the basic unit of the research intentional activity and the textual fabric, and discusses its internal stratification: the outer layer of the intentional layer of the speaker layer ("" contains ").
The third chapter analyzes the projection of intentional structure in language. First, it discusses the components of intentional structure one by one, the content of intention, the content of the words, the way of intention and the way of speaking. At the same time, it examines their language performance one by one intentional domain, the speech domain, the intentional language component (intentional noun, intentional verb and intentional adjective), and the speech nature. Language components (verbal and verbal verbs). Then the relationship between intentional and verbal domains, the relationship between intentional language components and verbal language components is analyzed. Finally, the projection of single intention activity and single speech activity in language is examined, and on this basis, the language representation of the whole intentional structure is discussed.
The fourth chapter discusses the projection of the inner layer of intentional structure in the discourse level. The influence of the internal stratification of the intentional structure is discussed, and the corresponding semantic level is formed within the text: the outer layer of the layer of intentional layer ("" contains "). The discriminant markers and the means of judgment of the three semantic levels are specifically examined. This paper expounds the distribution of semantic level in discourse.
The fifth chapter extends the analysis of the relationship between intentional structure and the semantic level of discourse. It is demonstrated that the composition of text can be completed through the recurrence of semantic levels. Accordingly, the composition of the text can be divided into two types: recursion in a single intentional structure (recursion in order) and recursion of many intentional structures (order of recursion). On the basis of three ways to distinguish between step recursion and order recursion, this paper analyzes the various concrete manifestations of the step recursion in the discourse. Finally, the relationship between the subject of writing and the intentional structure is discussed.
The sixth chapter is a case study. In order to show the application and operation of this method in language practice, six free texts with different length and length and different discourse types are randomly selected as individual cases. These free texts are arranged in order from short to long.
The seventh chapter is the conclusion. The research contents of the full text are summarized, the main conclusions are listed, and the shortcomings of the research and the direction for further efforts are pointed out.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15

【参考文献】