汉英错位修饰现象语法隐喻研究

发布时间：2018-06-17 03:39

本文选题：错位修饰 + 语法隐喻　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本论文是在语法隐喻理论框架下，，为汉语和英语中错位修饰现象的语义句法特征、认知机制和社会功能动因作了统一的描写与解释。错位修饰是指句法的修饰关系和语义的修饰关系不一致的现象。系统功能语言学把语义层和词汇语法层之间的交叉耦合称为语法隐喻，因此错位修饰现象属于一类语法隐喻。现有语法隐喻研究主要聚焦于名物化现象，鲜有对动名互转之外的修饰语转换研究。论文以语言的三大纯理功能为基本框架，并融合了认知语言学的方法。其中在概念功能分析中吸收了意象图式、隐/转喻和概念整合的思想，以加的夫语法作为主要分析工具；在人际功能分析中融入了主观化研究内容，在语篇功能分析中融入了象似性分析。从句法功能出发，论文分别对错位修饰状语和错位修饰定语展开研究；依据级转移的方向性，错位修饰语又被分为级阶上移类、级阶不变类和级阶下移类。在概念功能上，错位修饰状语是属性义和状态/结果义互动的结果，固定的属性义减弱，而临时的状态义增强；在人际功能上，论元修饰语转为谓词修饰语后，小句的情态意义和评价意义显著增强，具有了更高的言者主观性；在语篇功能上，对指宾状语而言，隐喻式中状语句法位置提前，成为小句的焦点或次级焦点，被突显和前景化，更容易被听话人优先处理。汉语包括指宾状语句和指主状语句，而英语多为指主状语句。汉语指宾状语在英语中依据状语与动词之间关系类型以不同形式体现，当修饰语与动作之间为伴随关系时，在英语中多体现为宾补形式；而表达动作结果的修饰语，英语多体现为定语。英语名词修饰语级阶上移为动词修饰语的难度远大于汉语，因此汉语采用隐喻式修饰时，英语多采用一致式的修饰关系。在文体选择性上，错位修饰状语都主要出现在小说和报刊新闻的描写部分，而在口语和学术文体中很少出现。主要有三个原因：1）错位修饰状语的主要起描写功能，满足了小说或新闻报道里对生动描写的文体需求2）参与者修饰语级阶上移为状语体现了更高的言者主观性，因此与科技文体和学术文体对语言客观性的要求不符；3）错位修饰状语导致修饰语和语义中心语脱离，违背了语言的象似性原则，与口语即时加工、在线处理的要求不符。错位修饰定语包括级阶下移类和级阶不变两类。其中，级阶下移类为饰行修饰语转作定语，语法隐喻度更高；级阶不变类为名词之间的错位修饰，多为情貌修饰语错位修饰事件名词或无生命名词。在概念功能上，错位修饰定语是一种信息压缩的产物。其一致式体现为关系小句，而隐喻式蕴涵了谓语动词的语义内容。在中心语选择上，汉语中心语的自由度更高。英语的中心语多为名物化形式，而在汉语中可以体现为语义虚化的事件名词形式。在人际功能上，错位修饰定语句发生人际功能向概念功能的漂移。当一致式的环境成分发生级阶下移成为隐喻式的属性成分，相应地小句由事件命题转为论元。在语气系统中，由于状语和小句的语气成分联系更紧，而错位修饰成为定语后，则成为语气系统中的剩余成分，评价意义减弱。在语篇功能上，错位修饰定语多体现为宾语修饰语。因为当语义中心语先于修饰语出现时，听话人通过对接收到的信息进行即时处理，使之成为旧信息，这样在思维中就更容易对错位修饰语进行解构与重构，顺利实现语言解码。汉语的组合式错位定语多出现在小句述位，而英语错位修饰定语可出现在主位。原因在于句首英语错位修饰定语类似汉语粘合式定语，定中结构通过大量使用，部分或完全词汇化，语言编码者和解码者对此类错位修饰结构已感觉不到语法隐喻性的存在，也不存在理解性的困难。在文体选择特征上，与错位修饰状语不同，级阶下移的错位修饰定语文体选择更为灵活，被广泛应用于除口语之外的各种文体。究其原因，一致式的小句被静态化压缩为词组，符合语言编码的省力原则，体现了语言的经济性动因，但在口语中，由于其语法隐喻性或者说形义错配特征加大了解码难度，所以较少使用。
[Abstract]:This paper describes and explains the semantic syntactic features , cognitive mechanism and social function of the phenomenon of dislocation modification in Chinese and English under the framework of the theory of grammatical metaphor . The dislocation modification refers to the phenomenon that the modification relation of syntax and the modification of the semantics are inconsistent . The cross - coupling between the semantic layer and the lexical grammar layer is called grammatical metaphor . Therefore , the phenomenon of dislocation modification belongs to a kind of grammatical metaphor .

This paper mainly focuses on the phenomenon of naming materialized , and there are few studies on the transformation of modifiers except the interaction of dynamic names . The paper takes the three major functions of language as the basic frame , and combines the methods of cognitive linguistics .
The subjective research content is included in interpersonal function analysis , and iconicity analysis is included in discourse function analysis .

On the basis of the syntactic function , the thesis studies the misplacement modifier adverbial modifier and the misplacement modifier .
According to the directionality of the level transfer , the dislocation modifier is divided into the level shift , the order invariant class and the step down class .

On the conceptual function , the dislocation modifier is the result of the interaction between the semantic meaning and the state / result , and the fixed attribute value is weakened , and the temporary state sense is enhanced ;
On the interpersonal function , after the meta - modifier is converted to predicate modifier , the modal significance and the evaluation significance of the small sentence are significantly enhanced , which has higher subjectivity ;
In the function of discourse , the syntactic position of the adverbial middle - adverbial is advanced , it becomes the focus or the secondary focus of the small sentence , which is highlighted and foreground , and is more easily handled by the listener .

In Chinese , the relationship between the adverbial and the verb is embodied in different forms . When the modifier and the action are accompanied by the relationship , it is embodied in the form of the object in English ;
The modifier of the expression action results is mostly expressed in English , which is more difficult than Chinese . Therefore , when the Chinese language is modified by metaphor , English is mostly modified in a consistent style .

There are three main reasons : 1 ) The main descriptive function of the misplacement modifier , which meets the style requirement of the vivid description in the novel or news report .
3 ) Misaligned modifiers lead to the separation of modifiers and semantic centers , which is contrary to the principle of language iconicity , which is inconsistent with the requirement of instant processing and online processing .

There are two classes of dislocation modifiers , including the order shift and the order invariant . Among them , the order moves down are used as modifiers for decoration of the decoration , and the grammatical metaphor is higher .
The order invariant class is the dislocation modification between nouns , which is a noun or a non - life noun .

In this system , the semantic content of the predicate verbs is implied . In the tone system , the semantic content of the predicate verbs is higher . In the tone system , the positional shift of the Chinese central word becomes more high . In the tone system , the position of the positional deviation modifier becomes the object of the conceptual function . In the tone system , the position of the dislocation modifier becomes the object of the object . In the tone system , the misplacement modifier is made into the old information by processing the received information in real time . In this way , it is easier to deconstruct and reconstruct the dislocation modifier and realize the language decoding smoothly .

The reason lies in that the English misplacement modifier is similar to the Chinese adhesive type , and the centering structure can be used in a large number of use , partial or complete lexicalization , and the language coder and the decoder can not feel the existence of the grammatical metaphor and the difficulty of understanding .

On the basis of stylistic selection , it is more flexible than dislocation - modified adverbial modifier , which is widely used in various styles except oral English . The reason is that the consistent sentence is compressed into phrase , which accords with the labor - saving principle of language coding , which embodies the economic motivation of language , but in the oral English , because of its grammatical metaphor or its semantic mismatch feature , it increases the decoding difficulty , so it is less used .
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H314;H146

【参考文献】