“对策”古今探微

发布时间：2018-06-27 23:35

本文选题：对策 + 应用文写作　；参考：《广西师范学院》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：“对策”起源于汉初，兴盛于唐宋，是古代推行策试制度而产生的一种应用文体。这种策试制度，或由皇帝亲自提出“策问”，或由代表皇权的主考官署提出“策问”，应试士子的回答则称为“对策”。作为古代文化的宝贵遗产，研究“对策”的历史发展及其艺术特点，可以领略古人“对策”的历史贡献及其独特魅力；窥而研究古代“策问”对现代“申论”考试的影响，可以帮助我们从中汲取精髓，“古为今用”，发展和完善现代选拔人才的考试制度，改革和优化现代学校的教育教学，为培养社会主义现代化建设人才服务。当前，我国专门研究“对策”的论文并不是很多，研究古代策试制度的文章也屈指可数，而且将古代“对策”与现代“申论”联系起来研究的则更为少见。这就说明，对“对策”的历史及其演变的研究，对古代“对策”与现代“申论”传承关系的研究，仍有进一步拓展的空间。本文除“引言”外共分为四章。第一章，论述古代“对策”的产生及其发展。着重考察了两汉的“察举制”、隋唐“科举制”以及宋代“经义取士”制度及其“对策”的发展变化，也概要地论述了贾谊、董仲舒、白居易、苏轼等人对策的特色。第二章，探究古代“对策”的艺术特点。古代优秀的对策章有着独特的艺术特点：“对策”的中心思想为宣扬某种理论主张，大力阐明治理天下的道理，即以“对策揄扬、大明治道”作为文章主旨；情感线贯穿于“对策”的始末，“为情造文，情信辞巧”；说理多用修辞，善于“喻巧理至，循循善诱”；为了得到考官的赏识，“对策”的作者要具备“风恢恢能远，，流洋洋而不溢”的语言表现能力。第三章，研究现代“申论”对古代“对策”继承和发展。“申论”考试对古代“对策”考试的继承，其一是他们都是选拔“通才”的考察方式；其二，试题考察都贴近现实内容。但“申论”作为新时期的产物，“申论”相比古代“对策”有着新的特点，“申论”比“对策”更有浓厚的现代化气息，“申论”更强调应试者实际的工作能力。第四章，探讨“申论”写作的发展趋势及其启示。在展望“申论”写作的发展趋势之后，笔者认为：“申论”考试带给我们的现实启示意义有三点：其一，要端正学生的写作观念，提高学生的写作水平；其二，要发挥媒体的引导作用，正确使用应用文文种，保持文公的严肃性，最大程度地维护社会文化的纯洁性。其三，优化学校的教育教学，扎扎实实地提高大中专院校的学生解决实际问题的工作能力，让学生文质并重、全面发展。总之，研究“对策”并不是就考试而论考试。“对策”是我国古代优秀的文化遗产，它不仅蕴含着深厚的思想艺术特质，而且体现了选拔人才、培养人才的许多合理因素。通过深入探讨“对策”的历史演变及其对现代“申论”的影响，正确认识“申论”写作的发展趋势，将对当下应用文教学、应用文理论的研究和人才培养机制产生重要的启迪意义。
[Abstract]:"Countermeasures" originated in the early Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties. It was an application style produced by the ancient implementation of the game system. This kind of game system, or the emperor personally put forward "question", or "question" by the imperial examination official department, and the answer of the examiners, is called "countermeasure". The historical development and artistic features of the policy can appreciate the historical contribution and unique charm of the ancient people 's "countermeasures", and the study of the influence of ancient "questioning" on the modern "bid" examination can help us draw the essence, "be the present for the present", develop and perfect the examination system for the present generation of talent selection, reform and optimize the modern times. Education and teaching in schools serve the training of talents in socialist modernization.
At present, there are not many papers on "countermeasures" in our country. There are few articles to study the ancient game system, and the study of ancient "countermeasures" and modern "application" is more rare. This shows that the study of the history and evolution of the "countermeasures" and the ancient "Countermeasures" and the modern "bid" The study of inheritance relations still has room for further development.
In addition to the "Introduction", this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter discusses the emergence and development of the ancient "countermeasures". It focuses on the development and changes of the "examination system" in the Han Dynasty, the "imperial examination system" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the "Confucian classics" and the "countermeasures" in the Song Dynasty. It also outlines the characteristics of the Countermeasures of Jia Yi, Dong Zhongshu, Bai Juyi and Su Shi.
The second chapter explores the artistic characteristics of the ancient "countermeasures". The ancient excellent countermeasures have unique artistic features: the central idea of "countermeasures" is to proclaim some theoretical ideas and to vigorously clarify the principle of governing the world, that is, the main purpose of the article is "countermeasures to praise and Daming the Road", and the emotional line runs through the beginning and end of the "countermeasure". In order to get the recognition of the examiner, the author of the "countermeasure" should have the language expressive ability of "the wind can be far away and the ocean is not overflowing".
The third chapter studies the inheritance and development of the ancient "countermeasures" in the modern "bid theory". The "bid" examination inherits the ancient "countermeasure" examination, one is that they are all the methods of selecting "the general talent"; secondly, the examination questions are all close to the realistic content. But the "bid theory" is the product of the new period, and the "bid theory" is compared to the ancient "countermeasures" With the new characteristics, the "Shen theory" is more modern than the "countermeasures". "Shen theory" emphasizes the practical ability of the candidates.
The fourth chapter discusses the development trend and the Enlightenment of the "bid" writing. After looking forward to the development trend of the "bid" writing, the author holds that the "Shen theory" examination brings us three practical implications: first, to correct the students' writing concept and improve the students' writing level; secondly, to play the guiding role of the media, it is necessary to give full play to the guiding role of the media. To ensure the seriousness of the literature and maintain the purity of social culture to the greatest extent. Thirdly, to optimize the education and teaching of the school, to improve the ability of the students to solve practical problems in the colleges and universities, to make the quality of the students equal and to make a comprehensive development.
In a word, the study of "countermeasures" is not an examination on examination. "Countermeasures" is an excellent cultural heritage in ancient China. It not only contains profound ideological and artistic characteristics, but also embodies many reasonable factors for selecting talents and cultivating talents. A clear understanding of the development trend of the "Shen theory" writing will have important implications for the current practical teaching, the application of literary theory and the personnel training mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H152.3-4

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