加拿大学生汉语语音习得与教学

发布时间：2018-07-07 08:37

本文选题：语音习得 + 关键期　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文要解决的研究课题,是为英语为母语、开始习得汉语的年龄超过“关键期”的加拿大学生,在多元文化的语境中,建立一个现代汉语语音的成功习得与教学框架。本文认为加拿大汉语语音教学的重点是要解决两个问题：母语迁移和文化冲突。年龄越大学习一门外语或方言口音越重,这是语言学习关键期假说的核心论点。口音和年龄有很大的关系,但二语语音研究成果,并不足以证明成年人学习外语语音全无优势。本文的研究证实,成年人没有丧失语言学习能力,口音的形成,是因为成人母语已经有固定的语音系统,限制了外语语音的发展和进步。母语使用得越多,口音越重。使用适当的学习策略,在不同的学习阶段对母语迁移因时利导,成功习得标准的现代汉语语音是完全可能的。多元文化语境,是加拿大学生习得汉语语音的独特之处,对汉语语音的习得起到一种促进作用。很多学生母语是双语,或在习得汉语之前就已经习得了另一门外语,积累了一定的外语学习经验和语言学知识,在语音感知、发音的清晰程度等方面有明显的优势。本文的研究在二语语音习得理论的框架中进行,以加拿大西安大略大学修读中文课程的学生为研究对象,吸收语言学和应用语言学的多项理论研究成果,从教学和测试中提取语料。研究内容包括： (1)动态考察不同阶段学生的中介语语音,结合汉英两种语音系统的相似性与差异的静态比较,描绘英语为母语的加拿大学生在大学阶段习得汉语语音的难点,及各学习阶段的特点,发现容易习得、先习得以及相对较难、较晚习得的语言项,并排序。 (2)从母语迁移、年龄、学习策略等方面考察影响汉语语音习得的因素,比较成功和普通学习者在学习策略、母语迁移、中介语语音偏误等方面的差异,分析学习策略与学生汉语语音水平之间的关系。 (3)考察加拿大多元文化社会与语言环境,及双语与多语的教学对汉语语音习得的促进和影响。 (4)考察口音和可懂度的关系,发现影响可懂度的汉语语音音素。对语音习得的成功个案进行考察、比较,总结成功学习者的共同特点,探讨有效的课堂教学等手段,帮助学生达成使用可懂或标准的汉语语音与人交际的学习目标。本文的研究通过语音测试获得实证数据,采用问卷调查跟踪学生习得过程：横向比较成功习得个案的共同点,及成功个案和群案之间在学习策略、语音偏误、习得难点等方面的差异。研究主要得出这样一些结论： (1)学生在初学阶段普遍发生母语迁移。汉语和英语在音位上有很大的相似性,早期的迁移能够帮助学生较快地掌握汉语语音音位。相似性所导致的口音一般不会影响可懂度。在较高的学习阶段,分辨相似音克服语言干扰是获得纯正语音的关键。教学中对母语迁移要分阶段对待,因时利导。 (2)语言学习策略,特别是补偿策略和元认知策略的适当使用,能够帮助学生在口音形成之初避免“化石化”而习得标准语音。 (3)口音并不一定对可懂度产生影响。大多数因音位的相似而形成的口音不影响正常交流,特别是母语都为英语的汉语学习者之间的交流。声调是影响可懂度的唯一重要的因素,因而汉语教学的重点未必是所有的语音难点,而应该是声调教学。 (4)加拿大多元文化政策的推动,对其他民族文化和语言的尊重和欣赏,孕育了学习汉语的良好环境。语音习得,人们往往过分强调年龄的重要,而忽略了社会因素。在双语或多语环境中生长的学生,虽然超过“关键期”,但对语音比单语环境中生长的学生更为敏感,学生习得标准汉语语音并非遥不可及。本文的研究从理论上对语言习得关键期假说、对比分析、偏误分析等学说进行了补充和完善,将可懂度的研究从以往对障碍人士或机器的测试,扩展到中介语语音的研究中来,这对二语语音理论研究和教学是一大贡献。在教学实践上,本文对成功习得个案与群案的比较,从母语迁移、文化社会环境等角度,综合分析和考察成功习得汉语语音的“秘诀”,总结有效的汉语语音习得规律与教学方案,为复杂的语言文化环境中的汉语语音习得和有效的课堂教学提供参考。
[Abstract]:In the context of multi - culture , a successful acquisition and teaching framework of modern Chinese speech is set up in the context of multi - culture . The emphasis of Chinese phonetic teaching in Canada is to solve two problems : mother tongue migration and cultural conflict .

The more the age is , the more important it is to learn a foreign language or dialect , it is the core of the key period hypothesis of language learning . The study of this paper proves that adults do not have the ability to learn foreign language .

The research of this paper is carried out in the framework of the two - language phonetic acquisition theory , which takes the students of the Chinese course at the University of Western Ontario in Canada as the object of study , absorbs linguistic and applied linguistics , and extracts the corpus from the teaching and testing . The research content includes :

( 1 ) According to the static comparison of the similarities and differences between Chinese and English voice systems , the difficulty of learning Chinese speech by Canadian students in English as their mother tongue and the characteristics of each learning stage are studied . It is found that it is easy to learn , first learn , and relatively difficult , the later learned language items , and sort .

( 2 ) From the aspects of mother tongue migration , age , learning strategy and so on , the factors influencing Chinese pronunciation acquisition were studied , and the relationship between learning strategies and Chinese phonetic proficiency was analyzed .

( 3 ) To examine the Canadian multicultural society and the language environment , as well as the promotion and influence of bilingual and multilingual teaching on Chinese voice acquisition .

( 4 ) To investigate the relationship between accent and intelligibility , and find the Chinese Phonetics which affect intelligibility . The successful cases of speech acquisition are investigated and compared , the common characteristics of successful learners are summarized , effective classroom teaching and other means are explored to help students reach the learning objectives of using intelligible or standard Chinese voice and human communication .

In this paper , we obtain the empirical data from the voice test , and follow the questionnaire to track the students ' acquisition process : compare the common points of successful acquisition cases , and the differences between successful cases and group cases in learning strategies , pronunciation bias and acquisition difficulties . The study mainly draws some conclusions :

( 1 ) The students ' native language transfer generally occurs at the beginning of the study . Chinese and English have great similarities in the phoneme . Early migration can help students master the pronunciation of Chinese speech faster . In the higher learning stage , distinguishing similar sounds is the key to obtaining pure speech . In the teaching , the transfer of mother tongue is to be dealt with in a phased manner .

( 2 ) The proper use of language learning strategies , especially the compensation strategies and the meta - cognitive strategies , can help students to avoid " fossil " in the beginning of accent formation to acquire standard speech .

( 3 ) The accent does not necessarily have an impact on intelligibility . Most of the tones formed due to the similarity of the phoneme do not affect the normal communication , especially the communication between Chinese learners whose native language is English . The tone is the only important factor affecting the intelligibility . Therefore , the focus of Chinese teaching is not necessarily all the speech difficulties , but should be the tone teaching .

( 4 ) The promotion of Canada ' s multicultural policy , respect and appreciation of other ethnic cultures and languages , gave birth to a good environment for learning Chinese . As a result , people tend to overstress the importance of age and neglect social factors . Students who are growing in a bilingual or multilingual environment are more sensitive to speech than students who grow in a single - language environment .

This paper supplements and perfects the theories of language acquisition , such as hypothesis , comparative analysis and error analysis , and makes the research of the degree of intelligibility from previous tests of obstacles or machines to the research of interlanguage voice . This paper makes a comprehensive analysis and study of the " secret " of successful acquisition of Chinese speech from the perspectives of language transfer , cultural social environment and so on , summarizes the effective Chinese phonetic acquisition laws and teaching schemes , and provides reference for the Chinese pronunciation acquisition and effective classroom teaching in complex language cultural environment .
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H195.3

【参考文献】