古代突厥语词在现代哈萨克语中的演变

发布时间：2018-07-07 21:40

本文选题：古代突厥语 + 哈萨克语　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：哈萨克语词源研究,最重要的语料是古代突厥语的各个历史时期的文献语言。古代突厥语碑铭研究已进行一个多世纪,目前主要的任务是古代突厥语本身及其与现代突厥语的比较研究研究和语言史的研究等。本项研究的重点为古代突厥语词在哈萨克语中的演变。采用的主要方法是语言历史的比较和描写方法。研究对象以古今语言词语的形式与意义为主,即词语的语音的变化、语音结构的演变、词语结构的演变、词义的演变以及某些相关形态的演变等。研究内容主要为语言历史和词源诠释。研究试图揭示古代突厥语词在现代哈萨克语中的演变及其基本规律以及哈萨克语词汇系统与古代语言的种种的渊源关系。论文由绪论、正文及附录三个部分组成。绪论包括研究目的、研究意义、研究方法以及哈萨克语词源学研究现状等内容。对哈萨克语词汇演变研究现状的介绍部分,我们根据搜集的资料,对国内外主要研究成果进行了回顾、介绍及说明,并对国内外语言学界就此领域的研究做了一般性评述。正文分四个部分。第一部分为古代突厥语语音在哈萨克语中的演变情况。本章包括“古今语音对应关系”、“语音脱落和增音”、“古今语音变化对哈萨克语词汇发展的影响”以及“古今语音对应变化的特点”等内容。在“古今语音对应关系”一节,通过实例对古今语音进行了详细的比较,力图揭示二者之间的对应关系,并考察了某些语音的分化、合并和转化等演变特征。对古今语音在词结构中的变化情况以表格的方式做了归纳。通过词的语音的各种演变与现代语言的关系,归纳、分析、解释这种变化的具体过程、结果,特别是它对哈萨克语词汇的影响,如语音演变造成的新词,对常规变化和特殊变化进行了较为细致的描写,并对这些变化的原因提出了个人的观点和评述。第二和第三部分是本文的主要内容。这两部分内容对古代突厥语与哈萨克语词的结构演变进行了比较研究。所选实例均采自古代突厥语的各种文献、工具书及相关研究论著,比较的材料具有普遍性和代表性。词的结构以音节类型从简到繁分类,考察以形式和意义、原因和结果、分析和研究并举,以个例归纳一般,以部分概况整体,力求将古今语言词语的各种关系梳理清楚。考察自始至终以古今语言词根为比较的主体,由此观察它的演变、解析构词过程及对现代语言的影响范围、程度和结果等。第三部分还比较分析了古今语言固定词组和复合词的演变及其对现代语言的影响,并对其结构和意义、继承与变化等问题。通过实例说明古今词义的扩大、缩小、转义以及感情色彩等各种变化的情况,从而揭示了哈萨克语词语的内部演变过程。文中对各种演变特征,分析研究过程、特点均有归纳总结。第四部分主要包括四个方面的内容。第一由古代突厥语的演变形成的哈萨克语的词族。结合实例对于词族的概念、形成特点,古今词语之间的具体同族关系及原因做出了分析、概括。这一部分同样从语音和语义变化两个方面对哈萨克语部分词语之间的同族关系进行了辨析。通过这种分析方法揭示了哈萨克语中的语音相近、语义相关的一些词语的来源及它们与古代语言之间的渊源关系；通过比较古今词义之间的联系,探讨了哈萨克语部分词语之间的意义关系。最后,为了进一步了解哈萨克语同族词,我们详细分析了个别语音的演变以及受此演变影响而形成的哈萨克语同族词。这一部分还探讨了在哈萨克语中没有单独意义并且不能单独使用的僵化词的词源问题,分析了其在古今语言中的意义和作用。第三、第四节内容涉及到哈萨克语某些附加成分本身的语法意义和附加在词语之后产生的新意并将它与古代突厥语相关词语的功能和意义作了比较,进而说明哈萨克语的某些附加成分是由古代突厥语某些词语演变而成的结论。然后,根据哈萨克语某些后置词的词汇意义和语法意义,将它与古代突厥语相关词语的意义作比较,从而确定哈萨克语的某些后置词是古代突厥语某些词语发展演变的结果。通过各种实例的考察与分析,可以认为,古代突厥语词不但对哈萨克语词汇发展产生了影响,而且对语法发展也起到了一定的作用。本章还从语音、方言、附加成分三个方面探讨了古代突厥语词在哈萨克语的保留情况,对变体的对应规律、古音在哈萨克语不同区域或方言中的保留,并对个案与一般的关系等特点做出了归纳与总结。语言历史的研究也是语言发展规律的研究,它是对古今语言关系的因果性、理论性给予解释。它需要揭示语言事实,而且要在扎实的材料基础上进行理论性的探索,使具体语言事实的分析具有理论的深度,而理论要建立在具体事实的具体分析之中。本项研究依据合理、材料可靠、全面、分析比较深入。古代突厥语文献中的词在哈萨克语中的发展演变虽有个案研究,但是这种研究基本为局部的或零星的,难以构成系统的理论,需要进一步研究和完善。本项研究以较大规模的词语数量来研究古代突厥语词在哈萨克语中的演变,因此,它具有系统性。研究中以语音、词义和词的结构的演变为主要探讨对象,采用以古突厥语与哈萨克语之间的纵向研究,兼及现代突厥诸语言之间的横向比较,为揭示、说明问题也采用其他行之有效的方法和材料,为哈萨克语词的词源研究提供历史依据,故本研究在突厥语历史比较语言学和哈萨克语言史的研究方面具有重要的理论价值。
[Abstract]:The study of the etymology of the Kazakh language, the most important corpus is the literature language of the ancient Turkic language. The ancient Turkic inscriptions have been studied for more than a century. The main task is the ancient Turkic language itself, the comparative study of the modern Turkic language and the study of the history of language. The focus of this study is the ancient process. The main method used in the Kazak language is the comparison and description of the language history. The research object is mainly the form and meaning of the ancient and modern language words, that is, the change of the words, the evolution of the phonetic structure, the evolution of the word structure, the evolution of the word meaning and the evolution of some related forms. For the interpretation of language history and etymology, the study tries to reveal the evolution and basic rules of the ancient Turkic words in the modern Kazakh language and the origin of the Kazakh language system and the ancient language. The thesis consists of three parts: introduction, text and appendix. The introduction includes research purposes, research significance, research methods and haste. The present situation of the study of the sack etymology and so on. In the introduction of the present situation of the study on the evolution of Kazak language, we have reviewed, introduced and explained the main research results at home and abroad, and made general comments on the research in the field of linguistics both at home and abroad. The main body is divided into four parts. The first part is the ancient times. The evolution of the Turkic speech in the Kazakh language. This chapter includes "the corresponding relationship between the ancient and modern phonetics", "the phonetic exfoliation and the sound enhancement", "the influence of the phonetic changes in the ancient and modern times on the development of the Kazak language" and "the characteristics of the corresponding changes in the ancient and modern phonetics". It makes a detailed comparison, tries to reveal the corresponding relationship between the two, and investigates the evolution characteristics of some phonetic differentiation, merger and transformation. The change of the ancient and modern speech in the word structure is summed up in the form of tabular form. The specific process, the result, especially its influence on the Kazak language, such as the new words caused by the phonetic evolution, gives a more detailed description of the conventional and special changes, and puts forward personal views and comments on the reasons for these changes. The second and third parts are the main contents of this article. The two parts of the ancient Turkic A comparative study of the structural evolution of the words of the Kazakh language. The selected examples are all collected from the various literature of the ancient Turkic language, the tool book and the related research works. The comparison of the materials is universal and representative. The structure of the word is from the syllabic type to the complex, and the reasons and results are studied in the form and meaning, the cause and the result, and the analysis and research are taken together. In general, in general, we try to sort out the relations between the ancient and modern language words and expressions in part of the general situation. In the third part, we observe its evolution, analyze the process of word formation, the scope of influence on modern language, the extent and results, etc. the third part also compares and analyzes the ancient and modern language fixed words. The evolution of the group and the compound word and its influence on the modern language, and its structure and meaning, inheritance and change and so on. Through an example, a variety of changes in the meaning of ancient and modern words, such as enlargement, reduction, meaning transfer and emotional color are illustrated, and the internal evolution process of the Kazakh words is revealed. The fourth part mainly includes four aspects. The first is the Kazakh language family formed by the evolution of the ancient Turkic language. In combination with the examples, the concept of the word family, the characteristics of the formation of the word family, the specific Homo relationship between the ancient and modern words and the words, and the reasons are summarized. This part also changes from the phonetic and semantic changes. The two aspects of the homology relationship between some Kazak words are analyzed. Through this analysis, the origin of some words in the Kazak language, the origin of some semantic Related words and their relationship with the ancient language are revealed, and some words in Kazakh are discussed by comparing the relationship between the ancient and modern words. In the end, in order to further understand the Kazakh language, we analyze the evolution of the individual speech and the Kazakh language, which is influenced by this evolution. This part also discusses the etymology of the rigid words in the Kazak language, which have no separate meaning and can not be used alone. The meaning and function of the ancient and modern language. Third, the fourth section deals with the grammatical meaning of some additional elements in the Kazak Language and the new meaning produced after the additional words, and compares it with the functions and meanings of the words related to the ancient Turkic language, and then shows that some of the additional components of the Kazakh language are some of the ancient Turkic language. Then, according to the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning of some postposition words in Kazak, the meaning of the words related to the ancient Turkic language is compared, so that some postposition words of the Kazakh language are the result of the development and evolution of some words in the ancient Turkic language. The ancient Turkic words not only had an impact on the development of the Kazakh language, but also played a certain role in the development of grammar. This chapter also explored the reservation of the ancient Turkic words in Kazak language, the corresponding rules of the variants, and the ancient sounds in different regions or dialects of the Kazak Language from three aspects of phonetics, dialects and additional components. The study of language history is also a study of the law of language development. It is a causal and theoretical explanation of the relationship between the ancient and modern languages. It needs to reveal the linguistic facts and carry out theoretical exploration on a solid basis of materials to make specific language facts. The analysis has the depth of theory, and the theory should be established in concrete analysis of concrete facts. This study is based on reasonable, reliable, comprehensive and in-depth analysis. The development and evolution of the words of ancient Turkic language in the Kazakh language have been studied, but this kind of research is basically partial or fragmentary, and it is difficult to form a system. It needs further research and improvement. This study studies the evolution of ancient Turkic words in Kazakh by a large number of words and phrases. Therefore, it is systematic. In the study, the main object of the study is the evolution of phonetics, word meaning and the structure of words, and the longitudinal study between the ancient Turkic and Kazakh languages. The horizontal comparison between the various languages of the modern Turkic has been revealed and explained by other effective methods and materials to provide a historical basis for the etymological study of the Kazakh words. Therefore, this study has an important theoretical value in the historical comparative linguistics of Turkic language and the research mask of the history of Kazakh language.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H236

【共引文献】