从霍夫斯泰德文化维度对比研究英汉沉默现象

发布时间：2018-07-18 15:50

【摘要】：尽管非言语交际的产生在言语交际之前，但是它作为一门新兴学科仅始于20世纪50年代。长期以来，人们在谈论交际时，总是先想到语言，语言确实是人们交际的一个主要手段，但除了语言，人们还使用其他手段来表达感情，传递信息。沉默就是其中一种重要的手段，沉默是非言语交际的一部分，它作为一种广泛存在的现象常常被人们忽视，并赋予其贬义，即言语的缺失和交际功能的缺失。正确地解释与应用沉默，可以增加彼此理解，促进交流的顺畅进行。随着全球化进程的加快，不同国家、地区及不同文化的人们之间的相互交往日益频繁，汉语和英语这两大语言在当今世界政治、经济、文化交流中占据主导地位。正如一个民族的语言承载着该民族深厚的文化，非言语行为—沉默也同样受到文化的影响。在跨文化交流中，语言的交流是可以通过学习而逐渐习得的，但对于深深扎根在文化之中的沉默的学习就必须依赖于对一种文化及其价值的深入理解。近些年来，随着语用学这一应用性学科在国内外的深入发展，交际中的沉默现象越来越受到学者的关注。但大多数学者都是从语用学的各种理论来研究交际中的沉默现象，很少从跨文化交际的理论进行研究，且大多数学者采用定性分析的方法研究沉默，很少采用定量分析的方法。对于学习英语语言学的学生来说，把所学的语言学理论付诸于日常生活中是非常重要的。本文以英汉电影中的沉默为研究对象，以霍夫斯泰德的文化维度为切入点，对比研究英语和汉语所承载的深厚文化现象。文化差异是导致跨文化交际失败的主要因素之一，霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论是分析文化差异的一个重要理论，他用五个文化维度描述和比较了文化差异：集体主义/个人主义、权力距离、回避不确定性、女性倾向/男性倾向、长期取向/短期取向，但本文仅从权力距离和回避不确定性两个文化维度进行研究。本文从随机抽取的19部英语电影和14部汉语电影中各收集到100处沉默现象，通过量化，分析得出英语电影中由于权力距离这个文化维度，沉默现象占12处，由于回避不确定性这个文化维度，沉默现象占17处，而汉语电影中由于权力距离这个文化维度，沉默现象占26处，由于回避不确定性这个文化维度，沉默现象占13处。霍夫斯泰德在IBM公司进行的文化价值观调查数据为：中国权力距离指数为80，，即汉语文化中权力距离指数为80；美国权力距离指数为40，英国为35，综合后得出英语文化中权力距离指数为37.5；中国回避不确定性指数为30，即汉语文化中回避不确定性指数为30；美国回避不确定性指数为46，英国为35，综合后得出英语文化中回避不确定性指数为40。通过本文分析得出的数据与霍夫斯泰德得出的数据进行对比，比例大体一致，由此可以证明霍夫斯泰德的结论是正确的，从而最终总结出英汉文化的异同，即汉语文化是个高权力距离的文化，英语文化是个低权力距离的文化，在回避不确定性上，他们都属于低回避不确定性，汉语文化稍低于英语文化，但差异不大。本文不仅有利于提高学生学习外语的能力和跨文化交际的能力，而且有助于促进人们之间的相互交流和沟通、避免跨文化交际过程中潜在的误解、减少交际障碍甚至冲突，并丰富了跨文化交际的理论成果。
[Abstract]:Although the emergence of non - verbal communication begins in the 1950s , it begins in the 1950s . For a long time , people always think of language and language as the main means of communication . But in addition to language , people use other means to express feelings and impart information . Silence is one of the most important means . Silence is one of the most important means . Silence is part of non - verbal communication . Silence is one of the most important means . Silence is one of the most important means . The silence is one of the most important means . The silence is the absence of communication . The correct interpretation and application of silence can increase mutual understanding and promote the smooth communication of communication .

With the acceleration of the globalization process , the interaction between people in different countries , regions and cultures is becoming more frequent , and the two major languages of Chinese and English are dominant in the world ' s political , economic and cultural exchanges . As a nation ' s language carries the profound culture of the nation , the non - verbal behavior - silence is also influenced by culture . In cross - cultural communication , the exchange of language is gradually learned through learning , but the learning of silence that is deeply rooted in culture must rely on an in - depth understanding of a culture and its value .

In recent years , with the in - depth development of pragmatics , the phenomenon of silence in communication has been paid more and more attention by scholars . However , most scholars have studied the phenomenon of silence in communication from the various theories of pragmatics , seldom from the theory of cross - cultural communication , and most scholars have adopted qualitative analysis methods to study silence .

This paper takes the silence of English and Chinese films as the research object , and compares the cultural differences between English and Chinese . The cultural difference is one of the main factors leading to the failure of cross - cultural communication .
The power distance index of the United States is 40 , the United Kingdom is 35 , and the power distance index in English culture is 37.5 ;
China ' s avoidance uncertainty index is 30 , that is , the avoidance uncertainty index in Chinese culture is 30 ;
The U . S . avoidance uncertainty index is 46 , the UK is 35 , and the avoidance uncertainty index in English culture is 40 .

By comparing the data obtained by this paper with the data obtained by Hovsteed , the proportion of the Chinese culture is quite consistent , so it can be proved that Hovsteed ' s conclusion is correct , that is , the culture of Chinese culture is a culture of high power distance , and the culture of English is a culture of low power distance . In the avoidance of uncertainty , they all belong to the low avoidance uncertainty , the Chinese culture is slightly lower than English culture , but the difference is not great . This paper not only can help to improve the students ' ability to study foreign language and cross - cultural communication , but also helps to promote mutual communication and communication among people , avoid potential misunderstandings in cross - cultural communication , reduce communication obstacles and even conflict , and enrich the theoretical results of cross - cultural communication .
【学位授予单位】：烟台大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H313;H136

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