英汉时制认知隐喻对比研究

发布时间：2018-08-06 18:53

【摘要】：思维制约语言，同时语言反应思维，是思维的载体，这就使语言成为研究人类概念系统的重要窗口。本文通过探讨英汉时制的异同进一步厘清语言与概念系统的关系。当代认知隐喻理论认为隐喻是人类重要的认知工具，普遍存在于人类语言及思维推理中。人们通过认知推理把一个概念域映射至另一个概念域，从而产生隐喻意义。因此，概念隐喻的实质为跨概念域间的系统映射。由于时间是抽象的，认知语言学家认为，我们对时间的理解很少是纯粹时间性的，而更多的是依赖对空间中运动的理解。莱可夫通过对英语中大量时间表达的研究，总结出了TIME PASSING IS MOTION这个适用于时间表征的最为普遍的概念隐喻，在这一总的概念隐喻之下存在两个时间概念隐喻的亚类。一为Time-Moving隐喻，在该隐喻中，观察者是静止不动的，时间则以物体的形式存在并朝观者的方向移动；二为Observer-Moving隐喻，在该隐喻中时间为静止不动的固定时点，是观察者在移动。然而随着人们对时间认知方面的研究进一步深入，尤其是将该理论应用于汉语后，一些学者对该理论做了进一步补充和修正。他们不仅讨论了时间的流动性特征，还强调了时间的序列性特征。“时间流逝是运动”这一总的概念隐喻所包含的两个亚类均强调观者的作用，观者面向将来，背对过去，所以作者认为可以将其称之为自我参照型时间隐喻；而以时间序列性特征为基础的纯时间序列型隐喻不必考虑观者的位置，而是直接考察事件在时间轴上的先后次序，在先事件在时间上早于在后事件并位于在后事件之前。不同民族隐喻认知有共性也有差异性，但都可以在语言表达上体现出来。本文在前人基础上总结出了适用于英汉语的时间隐喻认知模型并指出了它们对英汉两种语言各自不同的适用性，自我参照型时间隐喻更适用于英语，而纯时间序列型时间隐喻更适用于汉语。为了证明此结论，作者还对空间域中最典型的概念“前后”的语言例示，即英语中的“before”与“after”和汉语中的“前”与“后”做了定量分析。然而本文的目的不仅在于总结出英汉时间隐喻的差异，概念隐喻是一种以经验为基础的思维方式，思维到语言的过渡阶段包括语言系统、语言表达。通过众多语言例示或语言现象总结出时间隐喻后，我们的任务就落到了时制系统和时制表达了。本文以时间概念隐喻理论为框架，探讨英汉语时制的异同，指出英语民族与汉民族时间概念的认知来源虽然相同，即都是通过空间隐喻形成，但采取的认知方式却是有差异的，这种差异也就导致了英汉时制系统的差异。英语的时制系统以自我参照型下的绝对时制为主，，过去、现在、将来区分非常清晰，相对时制为辅。汉语的时制系统以时间序列隐喻下的相对时制为主，强调话语的前时、同时、后时或者事件的先事、当事、后事，绝对时制（已然未然）为辅。两种语言在时制表达上也表现很大差异。一是英语时制主要通过谓语动词词形表示，汉语时制主要通过语法助词和时间词语来表示；二是英语的时制明确，存在于每一个单句中，汉语的时制往往通过语境确定；三是英语的时制表达以语法手段为主，词汇手段为辅，汉语的时制表达则以词汇手段为主，语法手段为辅；四是英语的时间参照点比较固定，总与时轴上的“现在”相联系，汉语的时间参照点可以移至“过去”或“将来”。
[Abstract]:Thinking restricts language, while language reaction thinking is the carrier of thinking, which makes language an important window for the study of human concept system. This paper further clarifies the relationship between language and concept system by exploring the similarities and differences between English and Chinese. The contemporary cognitive metaphor theory holds that metaphor is an important cognitive tool for human beings and is common in human beings. In language and thinking reasoning, people map a conceptual domain to another domain through cognitive reasoning, thus producing metaphorical meanings. Therefore, the essence of conceptual metaphor is a system mapping across the conceptual domain.
Because time is abstract, cognitive linguists believe that our understanding of time is rarely purely temporal and more dependent on the understanding of motion in space. Lakoff, through the study of a large number of time expressions in English, summarizes the most common conceptual metaphor of TIME PASSING IS MOTION, which is suitable for time representation. Under this general conceptual metaphor there are subclasses of two temporal conceptual metaphors. One is Time-Moving metaphor, in which the observer is stationary, the time exists in the form of objects and moves towards the viewer's direction; second, the Observer-Moving metaphor, in which the time is stationary and fixed, is the observer in the metaphor. However, with the further study of time cognition, especially after the application of the theory to Chinese, some scholars have further supplemented and amended the theory. They not only discussed the characteristics of the time fluidity, but also emphasized the sequence characteristics of time. The two subclasses of metonymy emphasize the role of the viewer, the viewer faces the future and the back to the past, so the author thinks it can be referred to as a self reference time metaphor, while the temporal sequence based metaphor does not have to consider the position of the viewer and the sequence of events directly on the time axis. The preceding event is earlier than the latter event and is located before the post event.
Different ethnic metaphors have similarities and differences, but they can all be embodied in language expression. On the basis of predecessors, this paper sums up the cognitive model of time metaphor for English and Chinese and points out their different applicability to the two languages of English and Chinese, and the self reference time metaphor is more suitable for English, and the pure time order is more suitable for English and Chinese. In order to prove this conclusion, the author also makes a quantitative analysis of the most typical concept of "front and back" in the space domain, that is, "before" and "after" in English and "before" and "after" in Chinese. However, the purpose of this article is not only to sum up the differences between English and Chinese time metaphors. Metaphor is a way of thinking based on experience. The transition stage of thinking to language includes language system, language expression. After the summing up of time metaphors through many language examples or linguistic phenomena, our tasks fall into time system and time system. This paper is based on the conceptual metaphor theory of time between English and Chinese. According to the similarities and differences of the system, it is pointed out that the cognitive sources of the time concept of the English nation and the Han nationality are the same, that is, the spatial metaphor is formed, but the cognitive ways are different. This difference also leads to the difference between English and Chinese system. The system of English time system is dominated by the absolute time system under the self reference type, and the past, present, and future The distinction is very clear and the relative time system is supplemented. The system of Chinese time system is based on the relative time series of time series, emphasizing the front time of the discourse, at the same time, at the same time, the first thing in the post or the event, the following, the later, the absolute time system (which is already not).
There are also great differences in the expression of the two languages in the time system. One is that the English time system is mainly expressed through the verb form of the predicate. The Chinese time system is mainly expressed by the grammatical auxiliary words and the time words; the two is that the time system of English is clear and exists in every single sentence. The Chinese time system is often determined through the context; and the three is the time system of English. Grammatical means are the main means and lexical means are supplemented. The expression of Chinese time system is mainly based on lexical means and grammatical means is supplemented; the four is that the time reference points of English are relatively fixed, always connected with the "present" on the time axis, and the time reference points in Chinese can be moved to "past" or "will".
【学位授予单位】：西安外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H15;H315

【参考文献】