汉日比较句的省略对照研究

发布时间：2019-01-16 04:29

【摘要】：在语言学领域,比较作为认识事物的方法被广泛使用。在对两个或者两个以上事物的优劣及上下进行比较时,经常使用比较句这一句式。然而,同样是表示比较的概念,反映到不同的语言中多少都会有差异。日语中,表比较的句式是以“より”为标记的比较句,汉语中典型的比较句以“比”为标记。在汉语和日语中,人们为了使自己的想法表达的更加丰富且精炼,经常使用省略这一形式。在用比较句把自己的想法传达给他人时,经常省略比较句的一部分。比较句的省略对于母语者而言很正常,对于非母语学习者来说却很难掌握。日语的比较句和汉语的比较句看似相同,但是随着日语学习的不断深入,会发现汉语和日语中比较句的很多不同点。尤其是掌握比较句的省略问题非常困难。那么,比较句的省略在汉语和日语中是如何体现的,比较句的比较要素是怎样省略的,影响省略的因素有哪些呢。本稿通过解决以上问题,以探明汉语和日语两种语言中比较句的异同。本稿以日语的“より”比较句和汉语的“比”比较句为研究对象,在先行研究的基础上,通过日常生活中的实例分析明确汉日两语比较句的异同。通过对照研究,主要得出以下结论:一,“より”比较句和“比”比较句成立必须满足三个条件。首先,应该满足一般比较句的成立条件。接着,省略后的句子必须和原句意思相同。最后,有需要时,省略后的句式可以还原成原句的句型。二,比较句的比较成分省略,不仅是比较后项可以省略,比较前项也可以省略。比较前项省略时,“より”比较句一般不省略。汉语中比较前项省略的情况有很多,比较前项“N_1的N”可以替换成“N_1的”或“N_1”。三,在比较后项的省略中,日语和汉语一样都有三种省略型。比较后项的“N_2+的·の+N”可以省略成“N_2+的·の”,“N_2”或者“N_2+的·の”和“N_2”的形式。不过,并不能说明汉语中比较后项的省略和日语中比较后项的省略完全相同。在哪种情况下会省略成哪种类型有很多的制约要素。“N_1”与“N_2”的语义关系对省略有很大的影响。四,比较主题的位置相对比较自由。比较主题出现在比较谓语位置和隐藏的情况,“より”比较句和“比”比较句是一样的。另外,由于汉语是独立语,比较主题还可以放在句首位置。
[Abstract]:In the field of linguistics, comparison is widely used as a way to understand things. When comparing the merits and demerits of two or more things, the comparative sentence is often used. However, the same concept of comparison, reflected in different languages, there will be a number of differences. In Japanese, the sentence structure of table comparison is a comparative sentence marked by "Li", while the typical comparative sentence in Chinese is marked by "bi". In both Chinese and Japanese, ellipsis is often used in order to enrich and refine the expression of one's ideas. When communicating one's own thoughts to others in a comparative sentence, one part of the comparative sentence is often omitted. The ellipsis of comparative sentences is normal for native speakers, but difficult for non-native language learners. Japanese comparative sentences and Chinese comparative sentences seem to be the same, but with the deepening of Japanese learning, we will find many differences between Chinese and Japanese comparative sentences. In particular, it is very difficult to grasp the ellipsis of comparative sentences. So, how the ellipsis of comparative sentences is reflected in Chinese and Japanese, how the comparative elements of comparative sentences are omitted, and what are the factors affecting ellipsis. In order to find out the similarities and differences of comparative sentences in Chinese and Japanese by solving the above problems. Based on the comparative sentences in Japanese and Chinese, the similarities and differences between Chinese and Chinese comparative sentences are analyzed through examples in daily life. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the comparison sentence and the comparative sentence must meet three conditions. First of all, we should satisfy the conditions for the establishment of general comparative sentences. Then, the omitted sentence must have the same meaning as the original sentence. Finally, if necessary, the omitted sentence pattern can be restored to the original sentence pattern. Second, the comparative element ellipsis of the comparative sentence, not only the comparison of the latter term can be omitted, the comparison of the preceding item can also be omitted. When comparing the ellipsis of the preceding paragraph, the comparative sentence is generally not omitted. In Chinese, there are many cases of omitting the preceding item. In comparison with the preceding item, "N of Ns 1" can be replaced with "Ns 1" or "NSP 1". Third, there are three ellipses in Japanese and Chinese. The latter term "N" can be omitted as "Ns _ 2", "N _ s _ 2" or "N _ s _ 2" and "N _ s _ 2". However, it does not mean that the ellipsis of the comparative term in Chinese is exactly the same as the ellipsis in Japanese. In which case there are many constraints on which type will be omitted. The semantic relationship between "N _ S _ 1" and "N _ T _ 2" has a great influence on ellipsis. Fourth, the position of the comparative theme is relatively free. The comparison theme appears in the comparison predicate position and the hidden situation, the comparison sentence and the comparison sentence are the same. In addition, since Chinese is an independent language, the comparative theme can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H146.3;H36

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