话语标记“怎么”研究

发布时间：2019-02-14 14:19

【摘要】：本文将“怎么”界定为现代汉语中的话语标记,在充分继承和吸收前人研究成果的基础上,以系统功能语言学、连贯理论、关联理论、主观性理论和语法化理论等为基础,采用共时与历时相结合、描写与解释相结合、语料搜集与数据统计相结合的方法,对话语标记“怎么”进行了多角度的考察。全文共分六章：第一章绪论。本章从“怎么”的词性、语义功能、句法表现、“怎么”的变体及对比研究等方面,全面梳理前人时贤关于“怎么”的研究成果,指出其存在的不足,并介绍本文的研究思路和方法。第二章话语标记“怎么”的界定。本章将话语标记界定为：广泛存在于话语中、句法结构上相对独立、只具有程序性功能、语音上可以识别的表达形式。由此认定出现在句首,有短暂停顿与后续句隔开,不具备疑问功能、只表达交际意义的“怎么”为话语标记。语料分析表明,话语标记“怎么”常表示陈述语气,或表示反诘、责问语气；其后续句则多为表反诘、责问的是非问和特指问,流水句和零句也较为常见。第三章话语标记“怎么”的语体特征与语篇功能。语体分布方面,话语标记“怎么”主要出现在对话语体中,在非对话语体中使用较少,且多表示人物内心独白或作者旁白,具有虚拟的对话语体特征。语篇功能方面,话语标记“怎么”具有话轮转换、话轮延续的话轮组织功能,以及话题启动、话题转换的话题处理功能。第四章话语标记“怎么”的非预期功能与人际功能。话语标记“怎么”具有表达反预期信息、预期外(未预期)信息、超预期信息、负预期信息等非预期功能；具有惊讶、不满、推测、关切等4种情感表态功能和引起注意、停顿填充、反驳质问、玩笑调侃、讽刺挑衅等5种交际互动功能,这体现了语言的主观性和交互主观性。“怎么”的人际功能源于其非预期功能,并以非预期功能为基础。第五章话语标记“怎么”的形成及其动因。“怎么”的话语标记用法萌芽于元代、发展于明代,到清代基本发展成熟。“怎么”的语法化和话语标记功能的形成,有多方面的原因：问原因的疑问代词“怎么：”与句中主要动词的关系松散,在句中的位置灵活,是其发展出话语标记用法的句法基础；在反诘句中获得否定含义,发展出具有意外意味的话语标记,是疑问代词“怎么”语法化的语义机制；语用推理是话语标记“怎么”形成的关键机制；隐喻是“怎么”语义转变的认知机制。第六章结语。总结本文的研究内容,并指出研究不足和待解决的问题。
[Abstract]:This paper defines "how" as a discourse marker in modern Chinese, which is based on systemic functional linguistics, coherence theory, relevance theory, subjective theory and grammaticalization theory, on the basis of inheriting and absorbing the previous research achievements. Using the methods of synchronic and diachronic, description and explanation, data collection and statistics, this paper makes a multi-angle investigation on the discourse marker "how". The full text is divided into six chapters: the first chapter is an introduction. From the aspects of "how", semantic function, syntactic expression, variation of "how" and comparative study, this chapter comprehensively combs the research results of "how" and points out its shortcomings. The research ideas and methods of this paper are also introduced. The second chapter is the definition of "how" of discourse markers. In this chapter, discourse markers are defined as expressions widely existing in discourse, relatively independent in syntactic structure, having only programmed functions and recognizable expressions in speech. It is concluded that in the beginning of the sentence, there is a short pause separated from the subsequent sentence, which does not have the function of questioning, but only the "how" of expressing the communicative meaning as the discourse marker. The data analysis shows that the discourse marker "how" usually indicates the mood of statement, or the cross-examination and the tone of questioning; the following sentences are mostly rhetorical, the questions of right and wrong and specific questions are often asked, and the flowing sentences and zero sentences are also more common. Chapter three is about the stylistic features and textual functions of the discourse marker "how". In the aspect of stylistic distribution, the discourse marker "how" mainly appears in the discourse style, and is less used in the non-conversational style, and it mostly indicates the characters' inner monologue or the author's narration, and has the virtual dialogue style characteristic. In terms of discourse function, the discourse marker "how" has the functions of turn-shifting, turn-continuing organization, topic initiation and topic processing. The fourth chapter is about the unexpected function and interpersonal function of the discourse marker "how". The utterance marker "how" has the unanticipated function such as expressing the anti-expectation information, the expected (unexpected) information, the superexpected information, the negative anticipatory information and so on; It has five kinds of interactive functions, such as surprise, dissatisfaction, speculation and concern, pause filling, refutation and questioning, joke and ridicule, satire and provocation, which reflect the subjectivity and interaction subjectivity of language. The interpersonal function of "how" originates from its unexpected function and is based on unexpected function. Chapter five: the formation and motivation of discourse marker "how". The use of "how" discourse markers sprouted in the Yuan Dynasty, developed in the Ming Dynasty, and matured in the Qing Dynasty. There are many reasons for the grammaticalization of "how" and the formation of the function of discourse markers: the interrogative pronoun "how:" is loosely related to the main verbs in the sentence, and its position in the sentence is flexible. It is the syntactic basis of developing the use of discourse markers. It is the semantic mechanism of grammaticalization of interrogative pronouns to obtain negative meanings in rhetorical sentences and develop discourse markers with unexpected meanings, while pragmatic reasoning is the key mechanism for the formation of discourse markers. Metaphor is the cognitive mechanism of semantic transformation of "how". Chapter VI conclusion. This paper summarizes the research content, and points out the lack of research and problems to be solved.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H136

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