源于英语的汉语构词成分的认知研究

发布时间：2019-03-14 14:35

【摘要】：外来词一直以来都是汉语研究的一大热点,大部分的语言学家对于外来词进行了较为详细的研究,并取得了一定的成果。近几十年来,随着中外文化交流的日益增加,外来词大量涌现,其对于汉语词汇系统产生了一定程度的影响。不少外来词缩减音节后参与构成新的汉语形式单位,并形成了一些词群。上述现象引起了语言学家极大的兴趣,并已取得了一些研究成果,例如研究对象越来越具体化,从外来词变为了汉语中的外来构词成分。然而,大多数关于外来构词成分的研究却局限于它们的形成过程,认知角度的研究目前来说还比较少见。本文以认知语言学的两个重要的知识结构理论,框架语义学和概念域理论为理论基础,尝试对源于英语的汉语构词成分进行认知研究。从报纸和网络上收集来的二十个源于英语的汉语构词成分以及四百多个含有这些构词成分的汉语形式单位成为了本文的研究对象。多种分析方法如定性,内省,归纳,推理等被用来探究这些构词成分从外来词中选择出来的过程以及含有它们的汉语形式单位形成过程背后的认知理据。首先,本文探究了含有这些英源构词成分的外来词借用的翻译方法,并对上述构词成分进行了分类。根据它们的形式,源于英语的构词成分被分为两类：外来词整体和外来词的某一部分。而根据音节的数量,外来词整体作为构词成分的情况又可分为单音节和双音节两类。对于英源外来词的某一部分成为汉语构词成分的现象,本文从词概念框架的角度出发,尝试性地探究了这些英源构词成分形成的认知理据,研究发现：外来词的不同成分所能激活的词概念框架的大小,它们之间的相互关系以及框架内部元素的集中性,都对汉语构词成分的选择有着重要的影响。之后本文又以含有五个源于英语的构词成分的形式单位群为例,从词概念框架的角度研究了其形成过程,从而探究其背后的认知理据：形式单位的生成是基于以某一词概念为中心的词概念框架的,换言之,不同的成分或词突显词概念框架中的不同成分随后,本文又根据英源构词成分的不同位置对这些形式单位进行了形式分析,并得出如下的结论：英源构词成分总是位于词首的形式单位群和总是位于词尾的形式单位群几乎均为定中式；英源构词成分位置不定的形式单位群中,形式单位大多是定中式,少数是动宾式,个别的情况下是状中式；英源构词成分可为形容词性或名词性；最后,本文对位于不同位置的同一构词成分的语义进行了分析,并发现了如下现象：当构词成分位于词首时,其语义和相关的外来词的意义大体一致。当构词成分位于词尾时,其语义可能会发生变化,扩大或者引申出其他新的意义。
[Abstract]:Loanwords have always been a hot topic in the study of Chinese. Most linguists have studied loanwords in detail and achieved some achievements. In recent decades, with the increasing cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, loanwords emerge in large numbers, which has a certain degree of influence on the Chinese vocabulary system. Many loanwords participate in the formation of new Chinese form units after reducing syllables, and form some groups of words. These phenomena have aroused great interest of linguists, and have obtained some research results, for example, the research objects are becoming more and more specific, from loanwords to foreign word-forming elements in Chinese. However, most of the studies on foreign word-forming elements are limited to their formation process, and cognitive research is still relatively rare. Based on the two important knowledge structure theories of cognitive linguistics, frame semantics and conceptual domain theory, this paper attempts to make a cognitive study of Chinese word-formation elements derived from English. Twenty Chinese word-formation elements derived from English and more than 400 Chinese formal units containing these word-formation elements collected from newspapers and the Internet have become the research objects of this paper. Many analytical methods, such as qualitative, introspection, induction and reasoning, are used to explore the cognitive motivation behind the selection of these word-formation components from loanwords and the formation of Chinese form units containing them. Firstly, this paper explores the translation methods of loanword borrowing which contain these English word-building elements, and classifies the above-mentioned word-building elements. According to their forms, word-formation elements derived from English are divided into two categories: the whole of loanwords and a certain part of loanwords. According to the number of syllables, loanwords can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic. With regard to the phenomenon that a part of English loanwords has become a part of Chinese word formation, this paper attempts to explore the cognitive motivation of the formation of these English word formation components from the perspective of the conceptual framework of words. It is found that the size of the conceptual framework of words that can be activated by different components of loanwords, the relationship between them and the centralization of elements within the frame have an important impact on the choice of word-formation components in Chinese. Then, taking the formal unit group which contains five word-forming elements from English as an example, this paper studies its formation process from the perspective of the conceptual framework of words. Thus exploring the cognitive motivation behind it: the formation of formal units is based on the conceptual framework of a word centered on the concept of a word, in other words, different components or different elements of the conceptual framework of the word highlight the following. This paper also makes a formal analysis of these formal units according to the different positions of English word-formation components. And draw the following conclusions: English word-formation components are always located at the beginning of the formal unit group and always at the end of the formal unit group are almost all definite-Chinese style; In the group of formal units with uncertain positions of English word-forming elements, most of the formal units are definite-Chinese, a few are verb-object, and in some cases are adverbial-Chinese, the English word-formation elements can be used to describe the part of speech or nominality, and the English word-formation elements can be used as adjectives or nominals. Finally, this paper analyzes the semantics of the same word-formation components in different positions, and finds the following phenomena: when the word-formation components are located at the beginning of the word, their semantics are generally the same as the meaning of the related loanwords. When the word-formation component is at the end of the word, its semantics may change, expand or extend other new meanings.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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