非范畴化视角下《石头记》中量词“个”的使用研究

发布时间：2018-01-26 01:02

本文关键词： 非范畴化量词个《石头记》　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：量词是汉语中的特殊词类,既具有实词的某些特征,又明显表现出虚化的特征。在众多量词之中,"个"又明显具有特殊性,属于泛化量词,并且"个"存在部分非量词用法。清代属于近代汉语向现代汉语过渡的重要时间节点,承前启后,而《石头记》一书又是这一时期众多话本小说的巅峰之作,可以在相当程度上反映这一时期的语言发展状貌,因此,本研究以清代古典小说《石头记》为封闭语料库进行研究。由于《石头记》成书年代较早(约十八世纪中叶)且多以钞本流传,出现了许多不同的钞本。在众多钞本中,因"庚辰本"抄成时间较早(约公元一七六一以后)且存留较为完整(现存七十八回),而"南图本"留存精良,抄写字迹工整,错讹处少,是一种经系统整理的"戚序本",故此选定人民文学出版社1993年影印出版的《脂砚斋重评石头记》("庚辰本")和2011年影印出版的《戚蓼生序本石头记》("南图本")为语料底本,力求最大程度反映钞本原貌,保证研究结果相对准确反映出量词"个"在清代的使用状貌。本研究从非范畴化的视角出发,采用定性定量相结合的方法,从微观与宏观两个维度把握了"个"在《石头记》中的整体分布特征和具体使用差异,统计出"个"在书中出现的总频次为3857次,量词用法有3748次,非量词用法出现109例,随后分析了各种用法的具体差异,修饰不同类别"人"的表达的量词"个"、带有指示词性质的"这个"和"那个"和"个"的结构助词用法,旨在从"个"的使用频率和用法差异中归纳出其在清代的使用规律,进而探究其背后的理据。本研究主要有以下几个发现:(1)量词"个"的语义搭配维度相当广泛,搭配能力强,既可以修饰没有专有量词的名词,也可以搭配由专有量词修饰的名词;(2)"个"已经由最初的量词用法逐渐发展出三种不同的用法:量词、结构助词和指示代词;(3)在整体使用频次中,"个"的量词用法依然占据主导地位;(4)在非量词用法中,"个"的结构助词用法最为广泛;(5)从非范畴化的理论视角出发,可以推定"个"的非量词用法是由量词用法的泛化演变而来。本研究表明,《石头记》中"个"不仅在量词用法中出现了非范畴化现象,而且在量词向非量词用法转换的过程中也发生了非范畴化。本研究探讨了量词"个"非范畴化现象及其背后的理据,同时也为汉语量词研究及《石头记》和"红学"的相关研究提供了一种有益的探索和尝试。
[Abstract]:Quantifier is a special part of speech in Chinese, which has some features of notional words and obviously shows the characteristics of vacuity. Among the many classifiers, "individual" has its own particularity and belongs to generalizable quantifiers. The Qing Dynasty belongs to the important time node of the transition from modern Chinese to modern Chinese, connecting the past with the future, and the book Stone is the peak of many novels in this period. It can reflect the language development of this period to a certain extent, therefore. In this study, the classical novel Stone in Qing Dynasty was used as a closed corpus. As the book was written earlier (about the middle of 18th century), it was mostly circulated in banknote. There were many different notebooks. Among the numerous notebooks, the Gengchen version was copied earlier (about 1761 AD) and remained relatively intact (existing 78 copies), while the Nantu Book was well preserved. Copying and writing is neat, error is less, is a systematic collation of "Qi Xue Ben." Therefore, selected people's Literature Press in 1993 photocopied and published "Zhi Yan Zhai re-comment on the Stone" ("Geng Chen") and 2011 photocopy of "Qi Sheng Preface Stone Notes" ("Nan Tu Ben"). Is the base of the corpus. Try to reflect the original appearance of banknote to the greatest extent, to ensure that the results of the study relatively accurately reflect the use of the quantifier "individual" in the Qing Dynasty. This study from the perspective of non-categorization, the use of qualitative and quantitative methods. From the microcosmic and macroscopic aspects, the author grasps the overall distribution characteristics and the concrete use difference of "individual" in Stones, and statistics out the total frequency of "individual" appearing in the book is 3 857 times. There are 3748 times of classifier usage and 109 cases of non-classifier usage. Then the paper analyzes the concrete differences of various usage and modifies the quantifier "individual" of different categories of "human" expression. The use of "this" and "that" and "individual" structural auxiliary words with the nature of deixis is intended to sum up the rules of their use in the Qing Dynasty from the frequency and differences in the use of "individual". The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) the semantic collocation dimension of the classifier "individual" is quite extensive, and the collocation ability is strong, which can modify the nouns with no proprietary classifiers. They can also be collocated with nouns modified by proprietary quantifiers; (2) "GE" has gradually developed three different usages from the initial quantifier usage: quantifier, structural auxiliary and demonstrative pronoun; 3) in the whole usage frequency, the quantifier usage of "individual" still occupies the dominant position; (4) among the non-quantifiers, the structural auxiliary word of "Qi" is the most widely used. 5) from the perspective of the theory of non-categorization, it can be presumed that the usage of "individual" is derived from the generalization of the use of classifiers. The "one" in Stone is not only a phenomenon of non-categorization in the use of quantifiers. And in the process of transformation from quantifier to non-classifier, the study discusses the phenomenon of "individual" non-categorization and its underlying motivation. At the same time, it provides a useful exploration and attempt for the study of Chinese quantifiers and related studies of Stone and Hongxue.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.2

【参考文献】