“有”“无”构词、句法组配上的对称与不对称研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 17:42

本文选题：有　切入点：无　出处：《华中师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文以标记理论、三个平面理论为指导,在考察大量语料的基础上,从构词、句法组配两个层面对现代汉语反义词“有”“无”的对称与不对称现象进行了详细描写,并从语言内部和外部两个角度挖掘出形成不对称现象的深层原因。全文共分为五个部分:第一部分首先从标记理论研究、“有”和“无”的研究、反义词不对称研究三个方面简要介绍了其研究现状,并概括了本文的研究内容及研究意义,说明了研究方法及语料来源。第二部分描写并解释了二者在构词上的对称和不对称现象。首先通过对“有”“无”的词典释义、构词数量和使用频率的比较,发现“有”语义更丰富,构词能力更强,利用意义、频率标准猜想“有”为无标记项,“无”为有标记项。其次,描写了二者在构词形式上的对称与不对称现象:词形对称的情况,又分为意义对称、意义不完全对称、意义完全不对称三种;词形不对称的情况,又分为“有'有'无'无'”和“有'无'无'有'”两类,每一种情况中都解释说明了形成对称与不对称的原因、“有”和“无”的标记性,并发现了二者的标记性存在不稳定的现象。第三部分描写解释了二者在句法组配上的对称和不对称现象。首先,在搭配副词上,“有”不受双音化约束,单、双音节副词均可组配,“无”更易于与单音节副词组配;由于语义相容性、预设和谐的影响,“无”可组配的副词种类、数量远低于“有”。其次,在搭配名词上,都倾向于和中性名词组配,但“有”可组配的名词数量更多,与名词组配的能力更强;“有+N”主观评价性强,“无+N”客观描述性突出;“有+A+N”中积极义定语占优势,“无+A+N”中中性义定语占优势;“有”可自由地与概数词、确数词搭配,“无”只能与确数词“一”搭配。最后,在搭配动词上,二者均可与能愿动词、比似动词组配,“有”还可与存现动词、变化动词组配形成“V有”动结结构,“无”不具备此功能。综上,“有”的句法组配能力较之“无”更强,根据分布标准,确证了“有”为无标记项,“无”为有标记项。第四部分从语言内部和外部两个角度分析了造成二者使用不对称的深层原因。语言内部,音节约束、语义及预设的不相容性、语义场的交叉均可造成使用的不对称;语言外部,心理原因、认知原因、经济原则、礼貌原则也会造成“有”“无”使用上的不对称。第五部分是全文的结论,并指出了文章写作中的不足及尚待完善的地方。
[Abstract]:Under the guidance of Markedness Theory and three plane theories, this paper describes in detail the symmetry and asymmetry phenomenon of the antonyms "having" and "none" in modern Chinese on the basis of studying a large number of language materials, from the two levels of word formation and syntactic matching. The paper is divided into five parts: the first part studies the theory of markers, the study of "yes" and "nothing", and the research of "have" and "nothing". This paper briefly introduces the research status of antonym asymmetry in three aspects, and summarizes the research content and significance of this paper. The second part describes and explains the symmetries and asymmetries in word formation. First, by comparing the definitions, the number of words and the frequency of use of the word "nil", the author makes a comparison of the meaning, the number of words, and the frequency of use of the lexicon "have" and "none". It is found that the meaning of "you" is richer, the ability of word formation is stronger, and the frequency standard conjectures that "there" is an unmarked item, "none" is a marked item. This paper describes the symmetry and asymmetry of the two forms of word formation: the symmetry of word form is divided into three types: symmetry of meaning, incomplete symmetry of meaning, complete asymmetry of meaning, asymmetry of form of word, asymmetry of form of word, symmetry of form of word, asymmetry of meaning and asymmetry of meaning. It is divided into two categories: "have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, have, and in each case explain the causes of symmetry and asymmetry, the markedness of" yes "and" no, " The third part describes the symmetries and asymmetries in syntactic combination between them. First, in collocation adverbs, the "you" is not subject to the binosyllabic constraints. Disyllabic adverbs can be combined, "none" is easier to match with monosyllabic adverbs; due to the influence of semantic compatibility and presupposition harmony, the number of adverbs that "none" can be matched is much lower than that of "you". Secondly, in collocation nouns, They tend to match with neutral nouns, but there are more nouns that can be combined. The ability of matching with nouns is stronger; "there is N" is subjective and evaluative, "without N" is objective descriptive; "there is" positive attribute in "A" is dominant; "No A" is dominant in neutral attribute; "you" is free to be associated with estimated words. In the collocation of exact numerals, "none" can only be collocated with "one". Finally, in the collocation of verbs, both of them can be matched with verbs of can wish, rather than like verbs, and "you" can also be combined with verbs of existential appearance. Variable verbs form a "V have" structure, and "none" does not have this function. In summary, the syntactic ability of "you" is stronger than that of "none", according to the distribution criteria, It is confirmed that "have" is an unmarked item, and "none" is a marked item. Part 4th analyzes the underlying reasons for the asymmetry of the use of the two terms from both the internal and external perspectives of the language, the incompatibility of language, syllable, semantics and presupposition, The intersection of semantic fields can result in asymmetry in use; the external language, psychological reasons, cognitive reasons, economic principles and politeness principles will also result in asymmetry in the use of "no". Part 5th is the conclusion of the paper. At the same time, the author points out the deficiency in the writing of the article and the place that remains to be consummated.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H146.3

【相似文献】