“结构的平行性”和语法体系的构建——用“类包含”讲汉语语法

发布时间：2018-03-10 00:01

本文选题：结构平行性　切入点：类分立　出处：《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2017年04期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】："结构的平行性"是本地人语感的来源和表现,是语言成为一个系统的事实基础,在构建语法体系的时候,决定形式类(词类)的分合和句法成分类的分合,都要以结构的平行性为依据。重视结构的平行性,要着眼于大格局,不要纠缠于枝节。已经成熟的英语语法体系就是以结构的平行性为依据,建立在"类分立"的格局上。构建汉语的语法体系,以结构的平行性为依据,应该建立在"类包含"的格局上。具体说,汉语的"是"属于动词的一个特殊小类,是判断动词而不是别的;汉语的"没(有)"属于动词的一个特殊小类,是存现动词而不是别的;汉语的"在"属于动词的一个次类,是处在动词而不是别的。把"是、有、在"放在一起看,汉语的述谓语一律具有指称性,汉语名词和动词的关系因此呈名词包含动词的"类包含"格局。汉语的主谓结构是所谓—所以谓结构,"所谓"和"所以谓"都具有指称性。以结构的平行性为依据,汉语的句法成分宾语和补语呈宾语包含补语的"类包含"格局,补语是宾语的一种,即动态结果宾语;定语和状语呈定语包含状语的"类包含"格局,状语是定语的一种,即动态定语。要知道,不是只有"类分立"才能讲语法,"类包含"也能讲语法,对汉语而言,用"类包含"讲语法讲得更顺畅、更简洁。
[Abstract]:"the parallelism of structure" is the source and expression of the sense of local language and the fact foundation of language becoming a systematic system. In the construction of grammatical system, it determines the classification and syntactic combination of formal class (part of speech) and syntactic classification. All should be based on the parallelism of the structure. Pay attention to the parallelism of the structure, focus on the large pattern, don't dwell on the branches. The mature English grammar system is based on the parallelism of the structure. To construct the grammatical system of Chinese, based on the parallelism of structure, should be based on the pattern of "class inclusion". Specifically, the "is" of Chinese belongs to a special subclass of verbs. It is a judgment verb rather than anything else; the Chinese word "no (have)" belongs to a special subclass of the verb, which is a existential verb rather than another; the Chinese word "Zai" belongs to a subclass of the verb and is in the verb rather than something else. "Yes, yes, yes," When viewed together, the predicates in Chinese are all referential. Therefore, the relationship between Chinese nouns and verbs assumes the pattern of "class inclusion" of nouns containing verbs. The subject-predicate structure in Chinese is So-called-so predicate structure, so-predicate structure and so-predicate structure are all referential, and are based on the parallelism of structure. The Chinese syntactic components object and complement take on the pattern of "class inclusion" of object containing complement, complement is one kind of object, that is, dynamic result object, attributive and adverbial have the pattern of "class inclusion" of attributive containing adverbial, adverbial is one kind of attributive, and adverbial is one kind of attributive. That is, dynamic attributive. We should know that not only "class separation" can speak grammar, "class inclusion" can also speak grammar, for Chinese, "class includes" can speak more smoothly and succinctly.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院语言研究所;
【分类号】：H146

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