外交部发言人应答话语中实用型论证的语用论辩研究

发布时间：2018-04-01 21:17

本文选题：外交部发言人　切入点：实用型论证　出处：《江苏大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：外交部记者招待会是中国政府传播内政外交信息的重要平台之一。在记者招待会上,针对记者提出的问题,特别是其中的敏感性问题,外交部发言人通常在充分考虑过所有受众可能存在的质疑或反对意见后,才对问题做出解释或反驳。从这点上看,外交部发言人的应答话语是一种典型的论辩话语。遗憾的是,当前学界关注的主要是发言人应答话语中体现出来的语用和修辞技巧,忽略了发言人应答话语的论辩性。鉴于此,本研究将借助语用论辩学的理论框架,以2013年到2016年间中国外交部发言人的真实应答话语为研究语料,从论辩话语的角度对发言人应答话语中频繁出现的“实用型论证”进行分析和合理性评价。围绕这一研究目的,本研究试图回答以下几个研究问题:(1)外交部发言人应答话语受到哪些机构语境的制约?这些机构语境对其使用实用型论证有何影响?(2)在外交部新闻发布会机构语境的制约下,外交部发言人应答话语中通常会涉及到哪些类型的实用型论证?(3)实用型论证应满足哪些一般性标准和语境性标准?(4)依据上述标准,外交部发言人应答话语中使用的实用型论证主要存在哪些谬误?根据国务院新闻办公室发布用于规范政府发言人的工作手册,本文简要概括出限制外交部新闻发言人应答话语的七个机构性先决条件,包括记者提问的条件和内容,发言人应答的技巧和礼仪以及双方相互制约平衡的规则等。这些机构性先决条件界定了实用型论证中策略操控可开展的空间。研究发现,外交部发言人应答话语中典型的实用型论证可以被概括为:某个政治议题不应该被支持(立场),因为该议题会带来某种/些危害(前提1),且造成类似危害的这类政治议题都不应该被支持(前提2)。为了让该实用型论证在具体语境中具有更强的说服力和可靠性,根据受众对实用型论证的需求性、根属性、解决力和损益比等四个方面可能提出的批判性问题,外交部发言人应答话语中的实用型论证主要存在四种相应变形。其中,需求性实用型论证意在证明发言人提出的主张是当务之急;跟属性实用型论证意在证明发言人的主张是对症下药;解决力实用型论证旨在证明发言人提出的主张是有效果的;损益对比型实用型论证则是通过比较实施主张后带来的益处和害处,证明利大于弊从而确定该主张应该被实施。依据语用论辩学的论证评价方法,本研究主要从两个方面对外交部发言人应答话语中的实用型论证进行合理性评价:普遍性评价和基于语境的评价。研究发现,根据普遍性评价标准来看,外交部发言人在论证中犯了“人身攻击”谬误,对个别因果型论证的使用也不够准确。再结合具体批判性问题来看,发言人在论证立场的跟属性和解决力方面也都存在欠缺。本研究在理论和实践方面都有一定的意义。在理论层面,本研究:(1)从论辩话语研究的角度拓展了中国外交部新闻发布会的研究视角;(2)丰富了语用论辩学框架下的论辩语境研究,同时丰富了语用论辩学视角下的实用型论证的研究。而在实践层面,本研究:(1)为中国外交部发言人反思其应答话语提供了启示;(2)为中国外交部发言人合理使用实用型论证应对记者提问提供了具体建议。
[Abstract]:The Foreign Ministry press conference is one of the important platform for domestic and foreign government information dissemination China. At the press conference, in response to a reporter's questions, especially the sensitivity of the spokesman of the Ministry of foreign affairs usually in full consideration of all the audience possible questions or objections, to explain or refute the problem from. This point of view, the response of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman discourse is a typical argumentation. Unfortunately, the current academic focus is mainly reflected in the discourse and pragmatic response for rhetorical skills, ignoring the deliberativity of speaker response discourse. In view of this, this study will use the pragmatic theory framework of argumentation in 2013, the true response to discourse Chinese spokesman of the Ministry of foreign affairs 2016 years as research material, "practical type frequent spokesman for the argumentative discourse response from the angle of theory Analysis and evaluation of rationality ". According to this purpose, this study attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) Foreign Ministry spokesman discourse restricted response which institutions in the context of these institutions? What is the impact on the context of practical demonstration? (2) in which Foreign Ministry press conference organization context, a Foreign Ministry spokesman in response to discourse usually involves the practical demonstration of what types of? (3) practical demonstration should meet the general criteria and context of what standards? (4) according to the practical standard, demonstrated the use of a foreign ministry spokesman in response in the discourse of what are the main error? According to the Information Office of the State Council issued the standard for government spokesman this paper briefly summarizes the work manual, seven institutions limit the spokesman of the Ministry of foreign affairs response discourse prerequisites, including questions and conditions Let, spokesman response skills and etiquette as well as mutual restrict and balance the rules. These institutional prerequisites defines the strategy control practical argument can be carried out in space. The study found that foreign ministry spokesman discourse in practical demonstration of typical response can be summarized as follows: a political issue should not be supported (position) because, this issue will bring a lot of harm / (premise 1), and the cause of this kind of political issues like harm should not be supported (premise 2). In order to make the practical demonstration in the specific context is more persuasive and reliability, according to the needs of the audience, for practical demonstration of the root attribute. To solve the problem of critical force and the loss ratio of four may put forward practical demonstration, spokesman of the Ministry of foreign affairs responses in the discourse are four kinds of corresponding deformation. The demand of practical type argument is intended to prove that A spokesman for the claim is a pressing matter of the moment; with the attribute of practical argument intended to prove the proposition is spokesman for solving force of practical demonstration of an antidote against the disease; to prove that the spokesman propositions are effective; and contrast practical demonstration has advantages and disadvantages brought by comparing the implementation after the claim, that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages so as to determine the claim should be implemented. On the basis of pragmatic theory to prove the scientific evaluation method, this paper evaluate the rationality and practical demonstration of the foreign ministry spokesman responses in discourse from two aspects: general evaluation and evaluation based on context. The study found that according to the universal evaluation standard, the foreign ministry spokesman made a "personal attacks" fallacy in the argument. The use of individual causal reasoning is not accurate enough. Then combined with the specific critical problems in the argument position, spokesman with the attribute Solving force there are also lacking. This study has certain significance in theory and practice. In theory, this study: (1) from the perspective of argumentation to expand research perspective China press conference of the Ministry of foreign affairs; (2) the rich pragmatic research argument argumentation context under the framework of at the same time, enrich the research of pragmatics from the perspective of practical demonstration of science. But in practice, this study: (1) to provide some enlightenment for the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman reflect the response of discourse; (2) for questions provided suggestions China Foreign Ministry spokesman, the rational use of practical demonstration to deal with journalists.

【学位授予单位】：江苏大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H136

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