基于梵汉对勘的《菩萨地持经》外来词研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 16:29

  本文选题：汉译佛经 + 梵汉对勘　； 参考：《上海师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：佛教从丝绸之路传入中原,自东汉始对汉民族社会产生了诸多影响,随之而来的便是汉译佛经的兴起。由于印度的社会文化背景与汉地相去深远,诸多佛教概念、义理难以用汉语词汇进行翻译,此时,外来词就应运而生。这一概念的使用也为学界带来新挑战:通常认为来源于佛经的外来词,从词源学的角度分析,是否确实如此;汉语大型工具书中诸多涉及汉末魏晋时期的外来词词条所列书证是否为最早例证。诸如此类,皆有待研究、考察,因此,基于梵汉对勘的汉语研究意义非常。本文通过对《菩萨地持经》进行专书研究,对其中的外来词按照音译词、半音译半意译词、仿译词三类进行描写、分析,并进行相应讨论,包括出现时间、接受程度上的差异等,以期寻找出原本不被学界当作外来词,但通过梵文佛典比照发现确实应归入其中的词语、排除学界认为是外来词,但经比照发现不应列入其中的词语以及通过对专书中的仿译词进行分析,以更有力的证据说明仿译词应归入外来词中,同时罗列出在没有梵语平行本的情况下不会发现的同形异译词。虽然仅一部经文中的外来词数量于广博经海包含的外来词而言实为九牛一毛,我们仍期待通过本文对专书的外来词进行辨析、确定的过程,对学界在该经诸方面研究的完整性上作微薄努力,以此激发更多研究者对该经文、中古汉语及佛教不同方向研究领域的重视与热忱。本文共分为五章:第一章:绪论。本章主要分为八个部分:主要介绍了选题缘由、研究现状及目前研究存在的问题、《菩萨地持经》的作者及出版年代、Bodhisattva-bhūmi的内容简介及出版年代、本文的研究方法、词语切分标准、对外来词的界定及对《菩萨地持经》中的外来词概貌进行介绍。第二章:音译词部分:将词语按汉语译词的音序排列,每个词目后,先列出该外来词在《菩萨地持经》中的出现频率1,次列对应的梵文词并释义,再罗列同一梵文词在Bodhisattva-bhūmi中不同语法形式的出现频率,随后罗列梵汉对应的例证、语法分析,最后说明该音译词最早出现时期及在不同时期的使用情况。第三章:半音译半意译词部分:对半音译半意译词进行分类研究,分为:(1)音译+意译的类名(2)音译的类名+意译(3)意译的类名+音译(4)意译+音译的类名(5)意译+音译+意译类名,各分类下再进行详细分类。每个词目后,先列出该外来词在《菩萨地持经》中的出现频率,次列对应的梵文词并释义,再罗列同一梵文词在Bodhisattva-bhūmi中不同语法形式的出现频率,随后罗列梵汉对应的例证、语法分析,其后说明该半音译半意译词在佛经中的最早用例,最后再列该词在中古晚期或明清时期用例。第四章:仿译词部分:每个词目后,先列出该外来词在《菩萨地持经》中的出现频率,次列对应的梵文词并释义,再罗列同一梵文词在Bodhisattva-bhūmi中不同语法形式的出现频率,随后罗列梵汉对应的例证、语法分析,若该词不是最早出现于《菩萨地持经》,则列出最早佛教文献用例。结语部分归纳了本文将梵汉对勘运用于外来词研究的结果与新发现,以及存在的不足和仍值得研究探讨的方面。
[Abstract]:Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains from the Silk Road, which had a great deal of influence on the Chinese society since the Eastern Han Dynasty. The following was the rise of the Chinese Buddhist scriptures. Because of the profound social and cultural background of India, many Buddhist concepts are difficult to be translated with Chinese vocabulary. At this time, the foreign words came into being. The use of this concept is also the same. It is a new challenge for the academic community: whether the foreign words originate in the Buddhist sutra and whether it is true from the etymology point of view, are many of the earliest examples of the loanword entries involved in the late Han and Wei Jin Dynasties in the large Chinese book of tools. In this paper, through the study of the Sutra of "Bodhisattva", the article describes the loanwords in accordance with the transliteration words, the semi transliteration and semi free translations and the three types of imitative words, and analyzes them, including the appearance of time and the difference in acceptance, in order to find out the original words which are not the foreign words, but through the Sanskrit Buddhist Scripture ratio. According to the discovery of the words that should be attributed to them, the exclusion of the language is considered to be an alien word, but by comparison, it is found that it should not be included in the words as well as the analysis of the imitative words in the special book, with more forceful evidence that the imitative words should be classified into the loanwords, and the same form is not found in the case of no Sanskrit parallel books. Although the number of Loanwords in only one of the Scriptures is more than a lot of foreign words contained in the sea, we are still looking forward to the process of identifying the foreign words of the special books, and making a slight effort on the integrity of the study in the academic circles, in order to stimulate more researchers to this Scripture, the Chinese and the ancient Chinese. This chapter is divided into five chapters: the first chapter: introduction. This chapter is divided into eight parts: this chapter mainly introduces the origin of the topic, the present situation and the existing problems, the author and the publishing age of the "Bodhisattva Sutra >", the introduction and publishing age of Bodhisattva-bh MI, and the research of this article. The method, the standard of word segmentation, the definition of loanwords and the introduction of the introduction of the loanwords in the "Bodhisattva Sutra". The second chapter: part of the transliteration words: the words are arranged according to the word order of the Chinese word, and after each word, the frequency of the appearance of the foreign word in the "Bodhisattva Sutra" is listed first, and the corresponding Sanskrit words and interpretation are listed, and then the same one is listed. The frequency of the different grammatical forms of the Sanskrit word in the Bodhisattva-bh MI, and then the example of the Sanskrit correspondence and the grammatical analysis. Finally, it illustrates the earliest appearance of the transliteration word and the use of the word in different periods. The third chapter: half the half free translation of the half tone: (1) transliteration + free translation Class name (2) the class name of transliteration + free translation (3) paraphrase + transliteration (4) paraphrase + transliteration (5), paraphrase + transliteration + paraphrase class names, and then a detailed classification under each category. After each word, the frequency of the loanword in the "Bodhisattva Sutra" is listed, the corresponding Sanskrit words are listed, and the same Sanskrit words are listed in the Bodhisattva-bh M The frequency of different grammatical forms in I, followed by an example of the correspondence of the Sanskrit and the grammatical analysis, and then the first case of the semi transliteration of the semi paraphrase in the Buddhist scriptures, and finally the use case of the term in the late middle or Ming and Qing Dynasties. The fourth chapter: after each word, the appearance of the loanword in the "Bodhisattva Sutra" is first listed. The frequency, the sequence corresponding Sanskrit words and the interpretation, and then list the frequency of the same Sanskrit word in the different grammatical forms in the Bodhisattva-bh MI, and then list the example of the Sanskrit and the grammatical analysis. If the word is not first appeared in the "Bodhisattva Sutra >", it lists the earliest Buddhist use cases. The concluding part concludes that this article will carry out the exploration and transportation of the Sanskrit. The results and new findings of loanword research, as well as the shortcomings and worthy of research and discussion.

【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H136.5;H711
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本文编号：1806782