《甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献》的整体特点分析与编目

发布时间：2018-05-20 08:56

本文选题：苯教 + 文献　；参考：《西南民族大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：藏文文献是我国民族文献的重要组成部分,从创制藏文揭开藏文文献历史的序幕之后,随着社会经济和文化的不断发展,藏文文献也得到了不断充实和发展。在漫长的历史时期内,藏族社会涌现了很多知名的著作家和翻译家。他们适应各历史时期社会文化发展的需要,充分发挥自己的聪明才智,运用藏文翻译创作,著书立说,积累了极其丰富的文化典籍,给后人留下了宝贵的精神财富,在中华民族的文化史上写下了最光辉的一面。藏文文献历史悠久、弥足珍贵、数量庞大、内容丰富。但是,8世纪中叶,吐蕃赞普赤松德赞采取了扶持佛教,压制本教的政策,使苯教文献遭受了极大的破坏。这时期,藏族土生土长的本土宗教苯教受到了很大的限制,从而很多苯教徒被迫流浪于外地或藏区边缘地区,大量苯教文献或焚烧,或水没,或以“伏藏”之名藏于塔中、岩石缝隙、寺庙建筑之下,只有极少数流传于民间。十一世纪佛教后弘期,人们对残留的吐蕃时期的苯教文书和写本进行改写,或增或删,不少文书于“伏藏”为名假托为吐蕃文献。随后,吐蕃文献除佛教写本流传于世外,苯教、历史类文献的原始写本在藏区几乎无法寻觅。苯教古藏文写本的传承和发掘由于受到自然环境、人为迁移和佛苯斗争等多种因素的影响,国内现存于世并整理出版的古藏文苯教写本数量非常有限。二十世纪初,我国敦煌出土的包括苯教仪轨文书在内的一批珍贵吐蕃古藏文写卷流落海外,目前分别收藏于巴黎国家图书馆、伦敦大英图书馆等。近一个世纪以来,国内外流传的苯教文献多为十一世纪及其后的改写本。2006年在西藏措美县当许镇蚌巴奇古塔发现的古老的苯教写本,是继1900年敦煌出土了大批吐蕃文献以来,在西藏本土第一次出土的苯教文献。苯教文化及其另一个重要的传习渠道,是借助吐蕃王朝的军事扩张行为而东渐流播到安多地区。元朝以将至明清之际,藏传佛教获得前所未有的发展机会,苯教迫于生存而退隐到佛教势力未深入或影响相对薄弱的偏远地区,地缘最近的甘青川一些地区便成为苯教文化的接纳之地。至今,甘肃迭部县、宕昌县、舟曲县及文县、青海同仁县和四川省平武、九寨沟等地的村寨,仍有民间苯教法师家藏一定数量劫后余生的苯教文献。为填补国内外苯教文献发掘整理的空白,为研究藏族远古历史文化提供原始权威的基础资料,兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心和甘肃文化出版社通力合作,在2011年成功出版《甘肃宕昌藏族家藏古藏文苯教文献》的基础上,将苯教文献的考擦搜集范围延至甘肃、青海、四川三省,发掘整理出一批弥足珍贵、原汁原味的藏族家藏苯教文献,于2012年12月出版了《甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献》。该文献以62函、800余卷、1500余页张的容量,涉及迄今千余年甘肃、青海、四川等藏族苯教信仰、历算、医学、习俗等内容,对研究古代藏族语言文字、宗教信仰、民俗风情、历史文化等具有极高价值,被誉为我国藏族苯教文献的百科全书。2014年6月底,我国李克强总理及夫人出访英国时,总理夫人将《甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献》赠予英国牛津大学德林图书馆。这说明该文献具有极高的历史价值和文化价值、社会价值、学术价值、收藏价值等。该文献内容极其丰富,既涉及打卦问卜、治病禳灾、婚丧嫁娶、庆典节日、祭祀山神等内容,又包括藏族古代原始哲学等内容,几乎涵盖苯教文化和社会生活的方方面面。因此,此文献的内容大致可以分为祭神类、招魂类、禳解类、解秽类、招福类、卦书类等。这批世所罕见的甘肃、青海、四川民间古藏文苯教文献,我们发现这些内容以苯教九次第乘中的前三因乘为主,即夏辛乘(?)、郎辛乘(?)、楚辛乘(?)、斯辛乘(?)四个部分。其中夏辛乘包括占卜(?)、历算(?)、垛术(?)、医术(?)四个内容:即郎辛乘包括黑水净门、白水净门和缩命门、彭域替身门、本赛垛术门等四个内容:楚辛乘包括进修:斯辛乘包括丧葬仪式等内容。苯教四乘以“招泰迎祥、求神乞医、增益福运、兴旺人才为主”。我们考擦所见的甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献基本上就在这个框架内。被誉为我国藏族苯教文献的百科全书《甘肃青海四川古藏文苯教文献》的整体特点包括很多方面,对此主要分析它的出版特色、年代久远、内容丰富、标题独特、插图神秘、难读缩写字、收藏方式、数字替字等特点。具体如下:1、出版特色。第一坚持了“慎细精严”的原则评估文献,充分开掘文献特点。众所周知,民族古籍文献可分为四大类型,即原生载体古籍、金石载体古籍、口碑载体古籍和书面载体古籍。甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献应属典型的书面载体古籍,并属于写抄本。但因文字古老难懂,图符神秘难释,导致文献断代工作遇到极大的困难。为此,甘肃文化出版社坚持“慎细精严”的文献评估原则,邀请国内外很多知名专家进行审读论证。二是坚持了“存古适今”的编创特色,实现文献出版“形敛神备”。将藏户关于本家族苯教信仰、文献传承历史、文书收藏方式、本地风土人情等的口述资料全部纳入“前言”,使读者对全套文献的传承情况有了更为明晰的了解。同时,以考察先后为顺序,编排全书目录,并标明文献发现地、页张数量等基本信息,以便读者逐函了解文献的原貌。三是坚持“修旧如旧”原则,全程实现数字化修版,达到最佳修图效果,缩短了出版周期。全书采用数码技术搜集整理古代文献。在出版过程中,运用影印手段,既要保存文献,也要逐一改善残页、脏页原貌。同时,在修版过程中,采取单面排版的同时,坚持“修旧如旧”的原则,原有格式保持不变。2、年代久远。这些文献源自西藏阿里地区,后随藏族部落迁徒流转至安多地区。从文字特征、书写形式、缩写字等方面考证,并收藏者描述的情况而初步断定大部分文献已传承二十余代。就内容而言,极为丰富,不仅记载了吐蕃时期的宗教信仰及风情民俗等情况,又涉及远古时期藏族哲学思想、历史文化、打卦问卜、治病禳灾、祭祀山神等内容。3、内容丰富。甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献内容大致可分为十二类:(1)动土祭祀类。藏民家中凡动土,均要念诵此类经典,以祈祷神灵原谅、保佑。(2)杀生祭祀类。凡苯教祭祀中需杀生者,均需念诵此类经文。(3)祈平祭祀类。各部落、家庭、个人之见发生战争或矛盾时需要调节,求平安稳定的均念诵此类经文。(4)驱病祭祀类。在地处偏远、生病求治较为困难的情况下,苯教法师念经驱病,成为藏民的唯一选择。(5)禳灾祭祀类。主要用于去灾避难,祈求安定幸福。(6)神灵祭祀类。当地藏民认为,居住地方园的山脉、河流均有神灵镇守。每逢“转山”或“转湖”等节日,均念诵经文,祭祀神灵。(7)祈福祭祀类。苯教徒对某种物品念经修法,然后将其严密封闭存以祈求运气享福。(8)解秽祭祀类。当地人民认为,亲戚间的仇杀行为、双胞胎、亲戚相互通婚的人,均是不干净的,自己的身心受到污染,需以宗教仪轨来清除这种秽气。(9)招魂祭祀类。民间苯教认为,人的生命由拉(?)、宇(?)、散(?)三者组成,拉(?)若被其他的鬼怪拐走,就需举行招魂仪式把混请回来。(10)垛术祭祀类。垛术是苯教祭祀活动中常见的仪式,制作垛(?)同时,得念诵经文。(11)伏鬼祭祀类。此类经文用在伏鬼、降妖、镇宅,保佑家人。(12)发兵祭祀类。在藏区苯教信仰地区,各部落之间发生战争而需发兵之时进行发兵仪式,祈祷神灵,动员兵人,均念此类经文。除上述十二类之外,还有专述藏族古代社会历史、早期图腾崇拜的内容。若细加区分,应远不止于此。4、标题独特。该文献共有700多书目,每一个书目都有个标题,标题的表示方法极为独特。即每个标题都字行少,一般都在六七行字;有些标题的上下左右位置附有人和动物的神秘图案;个别标题带有藏族通用数码,用数码代替文字,使字数减少,抄写方便。5、插图神秘。每部文献首页除写有文献名称外,还饰有人首蛇身、人身鸟首等色彩鲜丽的各种图案和手持经刚、长蛇绕臂、腰系虎皮的画像。另外,书的正文当中出现图腾崇拜动物大鹏鸟、虎、狮、牦牛、绵羊等插图。这些图案带有神秘的色彩,很难读懂其意。6、难读缩写字。该文献含有大量藏文缩写字,即将若干个藏文字母合造为一个特定含义的字,并有方言及古藏文词汇夹杂其中,极难辨认,导致解读工作困难重重。7、收藏方式。当地人民告诉调研组,各家均有一个共同特点,就是平时绝不会轻易开启,只有逢藏族重要节日才打开念诵。虽然这些家庭都布富裕,但他们都将家传经文视为至宝,或存于特制木柜,或封存于自家顶棚之中。“文革”时期,藏族民众模仿历史上“伏藏”形式,吃咒盟誓,秘送深山,掘地封存,上筑土堆,覆以树木花草,委托专人看守,逐使其幸免于难。“文革”结束后,这些经函陆续迎请回家供养,保存至今。在启用经函之前,要举行净手、焚香、祈告仪式,祈求祖先神灵,向神灵祖宗祭酒,躬拜以后请出经文。珍藏这些苯教文献的家庭,均系世代相传的苯教法师,采取“父传子”或“师传弟”的方式承续家传经文。8、数码替字。抄写经文过程中为了节约抄写时间、减少字母、提高写字容量,在标题和正文中大量出现用数字替字的现象。兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心和甘肃文化出版社通力合作,于2012年12月出版了《甘肃青海四川民间古藏文苯教文献》(影印版)。该文献有60册,62函、800余卷、14000余页张,文章的标题有760余种。虽然该文献被誉为藏族苯教文献的百科全书,但是目前为止,解读或研究的相关论文和专著,特别对该文献进行包括编目、校注、释义、对译、勘误、版本等方面的学术性整理研究的成果极少又少,还在藏学研究的领域内不够重视。并对被誉为苯教百科全书的此文献除了发现地先后顺序而编排,标明文献发现地、年代之久、页张数量、字体等基本信息以外没有详细的全书目录。因此,本人分析该文献的上述整体特点以外,并将编制目录。
[Abstract]:The Tibetan literature is an important part of the national literature of our country. After the prelude to the creation of Tibetan literature, the Tibetan literature has been enriched and developed with the continuous development of the social economy and culture. In the long historical period, many famous writers and translators have emerged in the Tibetan society. In all historical periods, the needs of social and cultural development, full play of their own intelligence and wisdom, the use of Tibetan translation creation, writing books, accumulated rich cultural books, left a valuable spiritual wealth to the future generations, in the history of the Chinese nation to write the most glorious side. However, in the middle of the eighth Century, Zan zamp, Tubo, Zan Zamin de Zan adopted the policy of supporting Buddhism and suppressing the religion, which made a great damage to the literature of the pic. In this period, the native Tibetan religion of the Tibetan native was greatly restricted, and many benzias were forced to stray in the field or in the edge of the Tibetan area. There are only a few in the folklore in the name of the tower, the crevice of the rocks and the temple buildings. In Eleventh Century, the Buddhist documents and copies of the remaining Tubo Period were rewritten, or added or deleted, and many documents were named Tubo in the name of "Fu Tibet". Later, Tubo. The original manuscripts of the literature, except for Buddhism, are almost impossible to find in the Tibetan area. The inheritance and excavation of the ancient Tibetan writing of the benzjiao ancient Tibetan language is influenced by many factors, such as the natural environment, the artificial migration and the struggle of the Buddha and benzene, and the number of the ancient Tibetan writing books in the ancient Tibetan language is very limited in China. Two At the beginning of the tenth Century, a number of precious Tubo ancient Tibetan writing rolls, which were unearthed in Dunhuang, were unearthed in Dunhuang, which were collected in Paris National Library and London British Library, respectively. In the past century, most of the domestic and foreign literature of the benzene teaching was in the Eleventh Century and after the rewriting of.2006 in Tibet county. The ancient book of bengbach, which was discovered by bengbach in Guta, was the first BT document unearthed in the native Tibet since Dunhuang unearthed a large number of Tubo documents in 1900. The culture of the BT and another important channel of study was spread to anddo with the help of the Tubo Dynasty's military expansion. The yuan Dynasty will be in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the time of this, Tibetan Buddhism has acquired unprecedented opportunities for development. In the absence of the existence of the Buddhist religion, the Buddhist forces have returned to the remote areas where the Buddhist forces have not penetrated or affected relatively weak areas. Some regions of the nearest geo Gan Qingchuan have become the places of acceptance of the culture of the benzene. To this day, the Gansu, the county, the county of Zhouqu and Wenxian, Qinghai Tongren County and Pingwu of Sichuan province. In the villages of Jiuzhaigou and other places, there are still a certain number of books that have been collected by the Folk Buddhist teachers and masters in a certain number of years. In order to fill the blanks in the excavation and arrangement of the literature at home and abroad and to provide the original authority for the study of the ancient history and culture of the Tibetans, the Northwest Minority Research Center of the Lanzhou University and the Gansu Culture Press cooperate fully in 20 On the basis of the successful publication of the 11 years of "Gansu Zang Chang Tibetan Tibetan Tibetan Ancient Tibetan Literature" and the literature of the Tibetan Ancient Tibetan literature, the collection scope of the literature was extended to Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan provinces, and a number of rare and original Tibetan family Tibetan Buddhist literature was unearthed. In December 2012, the literature of the folk ancient Tibetan Literature in Qinghai Sichuan, Gansu, was published. The capacity of 62 letters, more than 800 volumes, and more than 1500 pages, involving the Tibetan Buddhist religion of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and other Tibetans for more than a thousand years, is of great value to the study of ancient Tibetan language, religion, folk customs, history and culture, and is known as the Encyclopedia of Tibetan Buddhist literature in China at the end of June.2014. When prime minister and Mrs. Li Keqiang visited Britain, the prime minister's wife gave the Gansu Qinghai Sichuan folk ancient Tibetan literature to the German Library of the University of Oxford in England. This shows that the literature is of high historical and cultural value, social value, academic value and collection value. The contents of the disease, wedding and funeral, the celebration festival, the worship of the mountain god and so on, including the ancient Tibetan primitive philosophy and so on, almost cover all aspects of the culture of the benzene education and the social life. Therefore, the contents of the literature can be divided into the sacrifices, the spirit, the solution category, the solution, the fortune, the divination, and so on. The rare Gansu, Qinghai in this world Sichuan folk ancient Tibetan literature literature, we found that these contents are mainly the first three causes of the nine secondary multiplication of the Phe, namely, Xia Xin (?), Lang Xincheng (?), Chu Xin multiplying (?), spice multiplying (?) four parts. Among them, shinin multiplied by Divination (?), calendar (?), stacking (?), and medical technique (?) four contents: that is, Lang Xin ride includes black water net door, white Shui Jing gate and shrinking life Four contents, such as the door, the pompant substitutes, the battlements of the race, including the learning of the funeral ceremony, and the burial rites of Simon, four times the PHE is "inviting Thailand, begging for medicine, gaining fortune, and prospering the talents". Our examination of the Gansu Qinghai Sichuan folk ancient Tibetan literature is basically in this framework. The Encyclopedia of the Tibetan literature of Tibetan benzene, < Gansu Qinghai Sichuan ancient Tibetan literature > contains many aspects. It mainly analyzes its publishing characteristics, long time, rich content, unique title, mysterious illustrations, difficult to read abbreviations, collection methods and digital characters. The following: 1, publishing characteristics. First adhered to the " It is well known that the literature of national ancient books can be divided into four types: original carrier ancient books, ancient books of gold and stone carrier, ancient books of word-of-mouth carrier and ancient books of carrier. The ancient Tibetan literature of ancient Tibetan language in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, should belong to a typical written ancient book, but it belongs to the writing copy. Because the ancient words are difficult to understand, the symbols are mysterious and difficult to be released, which leads to great difficulties in the work of the literature generation. Therefore, Gansu Culture Press adheres to the principle of "careful and rigorous" literature evaluation, invites many well-known experts at home and abroad to review the argument. Two is to insist on the creation and creation of the "ancient and modern". The oral information of the family of the family of the family of the family's BIS, the history of document inheritance, the way of collection of documents and the local customs and people are all included in the preface, so that the readers have a clearer understanding of the inheritance of the whole set of documents. At the same time, the catalogue is arranged in order, and the number of documents, the number of pages, and so on, are marked. This information, so that readers can understand the original appearance of the literature. Three is to adhere to the principle of "repair the old as the old" principle, the whole process of digital revision to achieve the best effect, shorten the publishing cycle. The book uses digital technology to collect and collate ancient documents. In the process of publishing, the use of photocopier section, not only to preserve the literature, but also to improve the residual pages, dirty pages one by one. At the same time, during the process of revision, the original format remained unchanged.2, and the original format remained unchanged at the same time, while the original format remained unchanged. These documents were derived from the Tibet Ali Region and then transferred to the Ando region with the Tibetan tribes. It has been preliminarily determined that most of the literature has been passed on more than 20 generations. As far as the content is concerned, it is very rich, not only to record the religious belief and customs of the Tubo Period, but also to the Tibetan philosophy, history, culture, divination, and worship of the mountain God in ancient times. The content is rich. The contents are rich in the ancient Tibetan language in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu. The content of the literature of the benzene teaching can be divided into twelve categories: (1) the kind of sacrificial ritual. In the Tibetan family, all these classics should be reciting such classics to pray for forgiveness, and (2) the killing and sacrificial classes. All those who need to be killed in the sacrifices of the van must recite this kind of Scripture. (3) praying for the sacrifices. The tribes, families, and individual opinions need to be adjusted when they are in war or in conflict. Seek peace and stability to recite such scriptures. (4) displacing and sacrificing sacrifices. In the remote place where the ground is far away and the disease is more difficult, the dime teacher is the only choice for the Tibetans. (5) the sacrificial sacrifices are used mainly for disaster prevention and refuge and praying for stability and happiness. (6) the local Tibetans believe that the mountain ranges and rivers of local gardens are considered. There are gods and spirits. Every festival, such as "turn mountain" or "turn Lake", recite scriptures and sacrifice gods. (7) praying for sacrificial sacrifices. The BENZIC believers recite some kind of articles, and then close it closely to pray for luck. (8) the defilet sacrifices. The local people think that the relatives and relatives intermarry, the twins and the relatives who marry each other. It is not clean, their body and mind are polluted and need to be cleared by religious rituals. (9) the spirit of sacrifice. Folk phantom believes that the life of people is made up of three persons, such as (?), woo (?), and scattered (?). If it is abducted by other ghosts, it is necessary to bring back the ritual. (10) the stacks are the sacrifices. At the same time, we should read the Scriptures. (11) the Scriptures should be recited. (11) the worship of the ghosts. This kind of Scripture is used in the ghost, demon, house, and family. (12) the type of sacrificial sacrifices. In the area of the religious belief of the Tibetan region, when the war between the tribes and the tribes need to be sent to the army, the spirit of prayer and the mobilization of the soldiers are all read out of this kind of Scripture. Except for the above twelve kinds of scriptures. On the other hand, there is a special description of the ancient Tibetan history and the early totem worship. If it is distinguished, it should be far more than the.4, and the title is unique. There are more than 700 bibliographies in the literature. Each bibliography has a title, and the presentation of the title is extremely unique. That is to say, each title has few lines, usually in six or seven lines of words; some headlines are in the upper and the right and left positions. There are mysterious patterns of people and animals; individual titles with Tibetan general digital, digital substitution of characters, reduced number of words, easy to copy.5, and mysterious illustration. Outside, the text of the book appears in the text of totem worship of animal Dapeng birds, tigers, lions, yaks, sheep and other illustrations. These patterns have mysterious colors, difficult to read their meaning.6, difficult to read abbreviations. The literature contains a large number of Tibetan abbreviations, a number of Tibetan characters are forthcoming to be a specific meaning, and there are dialects and ancient Tibetan vocabulary. The local people told the research group that each family had a common feature that it was not easy to open it, and that it was only a Tibetan important festival that opened it. Although these families were rich, they all regarded the family as a treasure, or stored in a special wooden cabinet, or sealed it up, local people told the research group. During the "Cultural Revolution", during the period of the "Cultural Revolution", the Tibetan people, imitating the form of "hiding" in history, eat an oath of Confederation, secretly send deep mountains, dig up the land, build up a pile of soil, cover with trees and plants, entrust a special person to guard, and save it. To clean the hands, burn incense, praying for the ceremony, praying for the gods of ancestors, offering a wine to the ancestors of the gods, and after the worship of the ancestors, the families of these books are all the generations of the teachers of benzene, which take the way of "father son" or "teacher's brother" to inherit the family biography.8, the digital replacement. In order to save the writing time, reduce the writing time and reduce the writing time. Letters, increase the volume of writing, and have a large number of characters in the title and text. The Northwest Minority Research Center of Lanzhou University and Gansu Culture Press cooperate fully. In December 2012, the "Gansu Qinghai Sichuan folk ancient Tibetan Literature" (photocopied Edition) was published. There are 60 volumes, 62 letters, 800 volumes and 14000 pages. There are more than 760 titles of the chapter. Although the document is known as the Encyclopedia of the Tibetan Bon literature, so far, the related papers on interpretation or research have been published.
【学位授予单位】：西南民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H214

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