兴替与选择:“下雨”“落雨”的历史比较考察

发布时间：2018-06-10 09:41

本文选题：下雨 + 落雨　；参考：《湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年04期

【摘要】："下雨""落雨"这两种说法在现代汉语方言区中的分布大致以长江为界,南北划然、中部交织。我们可以此现象为出发点,考察历时文献语言中雨雪降落义动词"下、降、零、落、雨"的兴衰继承与分化过程。"下"与"落"作为自动词用来表达雨雪降落义始于汉代,东汉以后用例增多,至迟南宋末年北方官话基本上不再用"落",从而形成现在的方言分布格局。不同的方言选择不同的动词,其原因可能有二:(1)大约自唐代开始,北方官话中,在称述雨雪降落方面,"下""落"词义出现了细微的差异与分工。"下"用于称说整个事件,"落"则描述具体过程,侧重终点。(2)"落"自上古时期一直是降落义的常用词,闽、吴、粤等方言的先民始终保守原来的语言习惯,用"落"来称说雨雪降落现象。从某种意义上说,"下雨""落雨"在汉语方言中分布格局的形成,也体现了"北方趋新、南方存古"这一汉语演化的大势。
[Abstract]:The distribution of "rain" and "rain" in the modern Chinese dialect area is roughly bounded by the Yangtze River, with the north and the south divided and the middle intertwined. We can use this phenomenon as a starting point to investigate the evolution and differentiation of the verb "falling, falling and raining" in the diachronic literature. "Xia" and "Luo" were used as automatic words to express the meaning of falling rain and snow began in the Han Dynasty, increased the number of use cases after the Eastern Han Dynasty, and basically no longer used the "fall" in the northern Mandarin at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, thus forming the present distribution pattern of dialects. Different dialects choose different verbs, the reason may be 2: 1) about the Tang Dynasty, in the northern Mandarin, the meaning of "Xixia" and "Luo" appeared slight differences and division of labor in the aspect of describing the fall of rain and snow. The following words are used to describe the whole event, and "fall" describes the specific process, with emphasis on the end point.) "Luo" has been the common word for landing meaning since ancient times. The ancestors of Min, Wu, Yue and other dialects have always preserved their original language habits. Use "fall" to say rain and snow fall. In a sense, the formation of "rain" and "falling rain" in Chinese dialects also reflects the general trend of the evolution of the Chinese language, that is, "the north tends to be new and the south survives the ancient times".
【作者单位】：北京大学对外汉语教育学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金重大课题资助项目:11&ZD125
【分类号】：H17

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