南靖梅林客家话元音时长声学分析

发布时间：2018-09-03 14:54

【摘要】：语音具有四个基本特性:音色,音强,音高和音长。在实验语音学中,借助电子计算机、声学仪器和软件获取波形图和频谱图,可以很清晰地观察到这四个基本特性。其中,波形反映音色,振幅反映音强,频率反映音高,时间反映音长。鉴于以往对客家话的研究多集中于元音共振峰频率和元音空间格局,本文从元音时长入手研究漳州地区梅林客家话,通过Praat语音分析软件观察波形、振幅和共振峰频率,标注元音以获取时长,然后提取和分析数据。本研究讨论了如下三个研究问题:(1)南靖梅林客家话CV音节中的元音时间组织结构是什么?(2)南靖梅林客家话CVN音节中的元音时间组织结构是什么?(3)南靖梅林客家话CV音节和CVN音节中的元音时间组织结构有哪些差异?本研究共有12名发音人(6名男性和6名女性),发音材料为296个单字,通过录音和标注,最后获得7160个样本。经过统计分析,本研究得出如下结论:(1)CV音节。在单元音中,男性发音人的高元音和低元音的时长没有显著差异。女性发音人高元音[u]的时长长于低元音[a]。因此,元音时长和元音舌位高度之间存在某种关系。在双元音中,13个双元音可归纳为三类。第一类包括[ai,au,eu,?u,iu],在这一类中,第一成分的时长相对较长,第二成分的时长相对较短。第二类包括[oi,i?,i?,ia,ua,ui],在这一类中,第一成分的时长相对较短,第二成分的时长相对较长。第三类包括[ie]和[u?],第一和第二成分的时长相近。(2)CVN音节。在单元音中,男性发音人[a]和[i]的时长没有显著区别,[a]和[u]的时长有显著区别。女性发音人低元音[a]的时长比高元音[i]和[u]的长,与莱氏元音内在时长理论相吻合。在双元音中,5个双元音可归为两类,第一类包括[i?],其三个成分的时长相近。其他四个双元音为第二类,它们的第二成分时长最长,其次是过渡段时长,第一成分的时长最短。(3)本文通过统计分析发现鼻音韵尾对单元音和双元音的时长均有明显的影响。CVN的元音时长均小于CV的元音时长。另外,跟CV音节相比,CVN中的各个成分的时长比例获得了重新分配。这些体现了汉语以音节为单位进行时长的内部补偿的特点。同时,在标注过程中,笔者发现在CV音节中,青年女性和老年女性[ua]和[ui]第一成分的时长有明显差异。
[Abstract]:In experimental phonetics, waveforms and spectrograms can be obtained by means of computer, acoustic instruments and software, and these four basic characteristics can be clearly observed. Among them, waveforms reflect the timbre, amplitude reflects the intensity, frequency reflects the pitch, and time reflects the length. The study of Hakka dialect mainly focuses on vowel formant frequency and vowel spatial pattern. This paper starts with vowel duration to study Meilin Hakka dialect in Zhangzhou area. The waveforms, amplitudes and formant frequencies are observed by Praat software, and the vowels are labeled to obtain the duration. Questions: (1) What is the vowel time structure of CV syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? (2) What is the vowel time structure of CVN syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? (3) What are the differences between the vowel time structure of CV syllables and CVN syllables in Meilin Hakka dialect of Nanjing? After statistical analysis, this study draws the following conclusions: (1) CV syllables. There is no significant difference in the length of high vowels and low vowels in male vowels. The length of high vowels [u] in female vowels is longer than that of low vowels [a]. There is a relationship between tongue heights. Among the diphthongs, 13 diphthongs can be grouped into three categories. The first category includes [ai, au, eu, u, I u]. In this category, the duration of the first component is relatively long, while the duration of the second component is relatively short. The second category includes [oi, i, i?, ia, ua, u i], in which the duration of the first component is relatively short and the second component is relatively short. The third category includes [ie] and [u?], and the first and second components have similar lengths. (2) CVN syllables. Five diphthongs can be classified into two categories, the first category includes [i?], and the duration of the three components is similar. The other four diphthongs are the second category, the second component is the longest, the second component is the transitional period, and the first component is the shortest. (3) Statistical analysis shows that the nasal ending pairs the vowels and the diphthongs. The vowel lengths of CVN are all less than those of CV. In addition, compared with CV syllables, the proportion of vowel lengths of each component in CVN is reallocated. These reflect the characteristics of internal compensation for the length of Chinese syllables. There was a significant difference in the time between the first component of [ua] and [ui] in the elderly women.
【学位授予单位】：江苏科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H176

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