巴克洛夫斯基的语义学研究

发布时间：2018-10-19 17:10

【摘要】：语义学是一门研究语言意义的语言学分支学科,属于语言研究的前沿学科之一。19世纪中期,俄罗斯学者已经尝试从不同角度研究俄语语义。19世纪末,俄罗斯学者引入了德、法的语义学理论和方法。此后,尽管取得了一系列成果,但是俄罗斯的语义研究一直包括在词汇学和词典学之内。直到20世纪60年代,俄罗斯语义学才正式成为独立学科,70年代形成具有世界影响的“莫斯科语义学派”。作为俄罗斯语义学的先驱,巴克洛夫斯基在19世纪末首先引入语义学,其《古典语言中的语义学研究》(硕士论文,1895)集中展现了他的语义学理论和方法,由此开启了俄罗斯的历史语义学研究。迄今为止,俄罗斯学者对巴克洛夫斯基的其语义学研究只有零散论述,中国学者对俄罗斯语义学史更未加关注。因此,就巴克洛夫斯基的语义学理论方法进行专门研究,不但可以为俄罗斯语义学史填补空白,而且有益于世界语义学的细化研究,具有重要的理论价值。本研究立足于俄语语义学史,首先将巴克洛夫斯基的主要语义学原著译为汉语。在此基础上,对其语义学理论方法进行梳理和阐释,并与相关的欧洲早期语义学理论进行对比,对巴克洛夫斯基的语义学成果作出合适的评价。首先,在欧洲语义学思潮的背景下,对巴克洛夫斯基的学术生平和主要语义学著作进行介绍;其次,讨论巴克洛夫斯基的普通语义学理论,词义分类上的概念范畴理论,词义联想理论和语义演变理论;最后,选取19世纪末德法的主要代表学者,如布雷阿尔、达米斯泰特尔、施罗德等提出的语义学理论进行对比分析,在此基础上对巴克洛夫斯基的语义学研究成果作出评价。本研究的主要发现是:第一,巴克洛夫斯基从共时角度提出概念范畴理论,力图在此基础上建立词汇语义系统,这一理论具有普适性。概念范畴划分的词群体系与20世纪30年代提出的语义场理论具有相似性。概念范畴理论可以视为语义场理论的前期探索。第二,作为词义演变的重要途径,词义联想理论不仅对词的意义进行共时分析,还突破性的从历时角度做出了词的意义变化规则,巴克洛夫斯基列举大量印欧语事实,证明了其存在的直接论据和间接论据;第三,针对词义演变原因和词义演变机制问题,巴克洛夫斯基概括了通过接近联想实现的转喻性词义演变和类似联想实现的隐喻性词义演变规律,在印欧语中得到大量实例验证。总之,巴克洛夫斯基的语义学理论不仅对俄罗斯语义学发展具有开拓意义,而且对中国语义学界深入研究俄罗斯语义学和语义学史具有重要的理论研究价值。
[Abstract]:Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of language. It belongs to one of the frontier subjects in language research. In the middle of 19th century, Russian scholars have tried to study Russian semantics from different angles. At the end of 19th century, Russian scholars introduced Germany. The semantic theory and method of law. Since then, despite a series of achievements, Russian semantic studies have been included in lexicology and lexicography. It was not until the 1960s that Russian semantics became an independent discipline. In the 1970s, Moscow semantics, which had world influence, was formed. As a pioneer of Russian semantics, Barklovsky first introduced semantics at the end of the 19th century. His study of semantics in Classical languages (Master's thesis, 1895) focuses on his theory and methods of semantics. This opened the Russian historical semantics research. Up to now, Russian scholars have only a scattered account of Barklovsky's semantics, and Chinese scholars have not paid much attention to the history of Russian semantics. Therefore, the special research on Barklovsky's semantic theory can not only fill the gap in the history of Russian semantics, but also be beneficial to the refinement of world semantics and has important theoretical value. Based on the history of Russian semantics, this study firstly translated Barklovsky's main original works of semantics into Chinese. On this basis, the semantic theory method is combed and explained, and compared with the relevant early European semantics theory, and the appropriate evaluation of Barklovsky's semantic achievements is made. First of all, under the background of European semantics, the author introduces Barklovsky's academic life and his main works on semantics. Secondly, it discusses Barkovsky's theory of general semantics and the theory of conceptual category in the classification of word meaning. In the end of the 19th century, the main scholars of Germany and law, such as Brear, Damisteter, Schroeder, etc. put forward the semantic theory to carry on the comparative analysis. On the basis of this, the research results of Barklovsky's semantics are evaluated. The main findings of this study are as follows: first, Barklovsky put forward the concept category theory from a synchronic point of view and tries to establish a lexical semantic system on the basis of which the theory is universal. The word group system of conceptual categorization is similar to the semantic field theory put forward in 1930's. Conceptual category theory can be regarded as a preliminary exploration of semantic field theory. Second, as an important way of word meaning evolution, word meaning association theory not only analyzes the meaning of words in a synchronic way, but also makes the rules of meaning change from a diachronic point of view. Barklovsky lists a large number of Indo-European facts. It proves the direct and indirect argument of its existence. Thirdly, it aims at the causes of the evolvement of word meaning and the mechanism of word meaning evolution. Barklovsky generalizes metonymic lexical meaning evolution through close association and metaphorical meaning evolution similar to associative realization, which is verified by a large number of examples in Indo-European language. In a word, Barklovsky's theory of semantics is not only of great significance to the development of Russian semantics, but also of great theoretical value to the further study of Russian semantics and the history of semantics in China.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：H030

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