契诃夫创作后期戏剧文本人物心理分析

发布时间：2018-05-26 22:36

本文选题：契诃夫 + 戏剧　；参考：《长江大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：契诃夫是十九世纪末二十世纪初俄罗斯著名作家。他以幽默、讽刺的短篇小说闻名于世,并与欧·亨利,莫泊桑并称为“世界三大短篇小说巨匠”。学界关于他的短篇小说的研究热度多年未减,但对于他的戏剧的研究热度却持续低迷。事实上,契诃夫一生创作戏剧17部,其中独幕剧10部,多幕剧7部。他的戏剧不但成就卓越,还对现代戏剧影响深远。契诃夫的戏剧中,他创作中后期的五部戏剧最为成熟,它们是《伊凡诺夫》、《海鸥》、《万尼亚舅舅》、《三姊妹》、《樱桃园》。这五部戏剧,艺术手法纯熟,思想意识超前,学界对契诃夫的戏剧研究,主要集中在这五部戏剧上。迄今,学界对这些戏剧的研究,角度多元,成果显著,但美中不足的是,各国学者大多是将这些戏剧作为一种综合艺术来研究,即使围绕其戏剧文本展开研究,也多停留在艺术特色、创作理念、美学价值、现代性、文化比较等方面。鉴于戏剧文本是戏剧的基础,戏剧人物是戏剧的重要组成部分,所以要研究一部戏剧,必须从戏剧文本中的人物着手。国外关于这五部戏剧文本的人物研究,零散而重复。在20世纪初散见于同时代人的评价,20世纪40年代的叶尔米洛夫《论契诃夫的戏剧创作》中有关于人物的详细阐述。20世纪60年代契诃夫戏剧重新受到重视,学者们发现契诃夫戏剧中的戏剧冲突,是一种“人与环境”的冲突。到了90年代欧美学者一致认为契诃夫开了欧美现代戏剧的先河。国内关于这些戏剧文本中的人物研究,大多掺杂在对他戏剧创作的研究中,例如戏剧冲突、停顿、象征、悲喜剧体裁争论等研究,主要特点是观点陈旧。综上所述,契诃夫创作后期戏剧文本中的人物研究亟待补充。契诃夫创作后期的这五部戏剧,表现的是平淡如水的生活下,人们丰富的内心世界。故研究契诃夫创作后期的戏剧文本人物,需要从心理出发。基于学界对于这五部戏剧文本中的人物心理鲜少论及的现状,笔者意欲由这个方面展开讨论,以此作为契诃夫戏剧研究的补充,进而使读者更好地理解契诃夫戏剧,乃至整个现代戏剧。笔者深入研读戏剧文本后,将这些戏剧中的人物心理划分成三种类型:苦闷类型、厌倦类型和守望类型。苦闷类型,即人物在戏剧中,由于人与人之间的隔膜,不被理解又无法诉说,而形成的痛苦烦闷的心理类型。在这些戏剧中表现为:被苦闷所纠缠的心理,和对苦闷已经麻木的心理。厌倦类型,即人物对生活失去兴趣,而不愿继续生活的心理类型。在戏剧中表现为:激情后厌倦的心理和平淡中厌倦的心理。守望类型,即人物整体生活态度乐观,等待和盼望新生活的到来,在这些戏剧中表现为,盲目类守望、行动类守望和理想类守望。因为这些戏剧文本中的人物均出自契诃夫之手,所以笔者结合心理学、文艺学、社会学等学科知识综合考量后,决定仅从契诃夫本人出发,探究三类心理的成因。又因为文学创作是作者的主观感受和对客观世界的体验相结合的结果,所以笔者阐释了主客观两方面的心理成因:主观上,契诃夫童年的灰色记忆影响了契诃夫的戏剧创作,契诃夫本身的忧郁气质,造成了剧中人物苦闷和厌倦的心理类型。叔本华的哲学在关键时刻拯救了契诃夫,所以他的哲学理念,也在这些剧本中频繁出现。此外,契诃夫在完成每部作品时所处的环境以及当时的心态,也对剧中人物的心理形成有所影响。客观上,契诃夫的创作后期,正处于俄国沙皇的残暴专制统治之下,人们渴望自由,却忌惮权威。俄国农奴制虽然得到改革,但农奴未得到真正的解放,反而受到更严苛的压榨。政治环境和制度环境双重不堪下,俄国底层人民只能在昏暗的社会中苟且存活。另外,俄罗斯的温顺、敏感、极端化、缺乏理性、和宗教信仰等民族性格,也促成了剧中人物不同的心理。这些戏剧中人物的心理叙写对戏剧和美学方面,都有重大的意义。在戏剧上,这些人物心理叙写突破了传统的戏剧创作形式,发展了屠格涅夫创造的“抒情心理剧”,开发出以人物心理为主要内容的新型戏剧形式。呈现了“人与环境的冲突”的新型戏剧冲突,被称为现代悲剧之源。搭建了“内外双重”的新型戏剧结构,外部是浮在表面的平淡无奇的日常生活,内部是潜藏于平常生活之下的人物浓烈的内心体验。在美学上,这些人物心理叙写践行了真实的美学原则,真实揭露了人与人之间的矛盾,人与环境的矛盾,保守贵族地主阶级和新兴资产阶级之间的矛盾;真实反映了同时代底层人民的孤独意识、厌倦意识和荒诞意识。人物的心理中还蕴含了无尽的哲学思考,其中有对人生而孤独的思考,人生的不确定性的思考,生活的规律性的思考。笔者最后总结这些讨论的重点,梳理了人物心理的类型,人物心理的成因及人物心理叙写的意义。并发现契诃夫从人物心理出发,刻画了世纪之交的俄国的时代生活,并将这种生活上升到哲学的概括。从这些戏剧文本中折射出的哲理之光依然闪耀,对现代生活仍有指导意义。
[Abstract]:Chekhov is a famous Russian writer at the end of the nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century. He is famous for his humorous and ironic short stories, and with O Henry and Maupassant as "the three great short story master of the world". The study of his short stories has been heated for many years, but the heat of his drama is still in the doldrums. In fact, Chekhov wrote 17 dramas in his life, including 10 plays of one act and 7 episodic plays. His plays not only achieved great success, but also had a profound influence on modern drama. In Chekhov's plays, the most mature plays of the middle and later period of his creation are "Ivanov", "Seagull >", < uncle Vania >, < three sisters > > Cherry Orchard >. The five plays, art and art The study of Chekhov's drama is mainly concentrated in the five plays. So far, the academic circles have studied these dramas with a variety of angles and remarkable achievements. However, most scholars in the United States have studied these dramas as a comprehensive art, even around their dramatic texts. There are many aspects of artistic features, creative ideas, aesthetic values, modernity, and cultural comparison. In view of the dramatic text is the basis of the drama, the dramatic characters are an important part of the drama, so the study of a drama must begin with the characters in the dramatic text. The study of the characters of the five dramas in foreign countries is scattered and repeated. In the early twentieth Century, it was scattered in the evaluation of the contemporaries. In 1940s, Ye M Milov < on Chekhov's dramatic creation > in the detailed exposition of the characters of the characters in.20 century, Chekhov's drama was re valued. The scholars found that the dramatic conflict in Chekhov's drama was a conflict between "man and the environment". To 90s, Europe and the United States. Scholars agree that Chekhov has pioneered the modern drama in Europe and America. The study of characters in these theatrical texts is mostly doped in the study of his dramatic creation, such as drama conflict, pause, symbolism, and tragedies, and so on. The main feature is the old point of view. In a summary, the later drama text of Chekhov's creation. The five dramas in the later period of Chekhov's creation show the rich inner world of people. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characters of the dramatic text in the later period of Chekhov's creation. From this aspect, it is a supplement to Chekhov's drama research, which makes readers better understand Chekhov's drama and even the whole modern drama. After studying the drama text, the writer divides the characters' psychology into three types: the type of boredom, the type of weariness and the type of watch. In drama, the psychological types of pain and boredom formed by the separation between people and people, which are not understood and unable to speak, are manifested in these plays: the psychology of being entangled by anguish, and the mentality of being numb to depression. The type of boredom, that is, the character of the person who loses interest in life and does not want to continue to live. For: the psychological boredom of the weary of passion, the weariness of the weary mentality. The type of watch, the whole life attitude of the characters, the waiting and the hope of the arrival of a new life. In these plays are the blind watch, the action watch and the ideal kind. Because all the characters in these dramatic texts are from Chekhov's hand, so the author combines the heart. After a comprehensive examination of the knowledge of science, literature and art and sociology, the author decides to start from Chekhov himself and explore the causes of the three types of psychology. Because literary creation is the result of the author's subjective feeling and the experience of the objective world, the author explains the psychological causes of two aspects of subjective and objective aspects: subjective, Chekhov's childhood grey Memory affects Chekhov's dramatic creation, Chekhov's own melancholy, and the psychological type of the character of the characters in the play. Schopenhauer's philosophy saved Chekhov at the critical moment, so his philosophy, too, appeared frequently in these scripts. In addition, Chekhov was in the environment and when he finished each work. In the later period of his creation, Chekhov was under the tyrannical tyranny of the Russian Czar, and people were anxious for freedom, but they were afraid of authority. Although the serf system of Russia was reformed, the serfs were not truly released, but were squeezed more severely. Under the double environment, the people of the Russian bottom can only survive in the dark society. In addition, Russia's obedient, sensitive, extreme, irrational, religious and other ethnic characters have contributed to the different psychology of the characters in the drama. The characters' psychological narration in these plays is of great significance to drama and aesthetics. These characters break through the traditional forms of dramatic creation, develop the "Lyric psychological drama" created by Turgenev, develop a new drama form with the main content of the character psychology, and present a new dramatic conflict of "the conflict between human and the environment", which is called the source of modern tragedy. The structure of type drama, the exterior is the plain daily life that floats on the surface, and the interior is the strong inner experience of the characters hidden under the ordinary life. In aesthetics, these characters have practise the true aesthetic principles, reveal the contradictions between people, the contradictions between people and the environment, and keep the aristocratic landlord class and the emerging. The contradiction between the bourgeoisie reflects the sense of loneliness, boredom and absurdity of the people at the bottom of the same time. There are endless philosophical thinking in the psychology of the characters. Among them, there are lonely thinking about life, the uncertainty of life, and the regular thinking of life. Finally, the author summarizes the emphasis of these discussions. The type of the character psychology, the cause of the character psychology and the meaning of the characters' psychological narration, and it is found that Chekhov, starting from the character psychology, portrayed the life of the times of Russia at the turn of the century, and raised this life to the summary of philosophy. The light of philosophy reflected from these dramatic texts still shines and still has guidance to modern life. Significance.
【学位授予单位】：长江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I512.073

【相似文献】