芥川龙之介的“不安文学”考

发布时间：2018-06-20 03:51

本文选题：芥川龙之介 + 恍惚的不安　；参考：《东北师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：芥川龙之介在其短短的35年的生涯中留下了近150余篇短篇小说,可以称得上是日本大正时期文坛中的翘楚。1927年芥川龙之介的自杀震惊了整个日本文坛,同时他的死也标志着日本大正时期文学的终结。而芥川龙之介的死还给后世文坛留下了众多谜团,乃至成为千万拥趸者研究芥川文学的契机。其后问世的文论中,芥川龙之介的自杀多被归结为是由于他的“恍惚的不安”。但对于芥川所自诩的“恍惚的不安”的成因及其该成因对作家精神世界的成长以及创作心态的掣肘,中日学者歧见辈出。通过对芥川龙之介生存的时代土壤与政治文化特点的考察,以及对其塑造的栩栩如生的性格鲜明的人物形象的剖析,笔者认为他的这种“恍惚的不安”之心绪首先来源于幼年坎坷的生活经历,由此而衍生敏感脆弱的神经导致了某种病态心理,继而在他与激烈变动的时代碰撞中,其纤细的神经无力抗衡新旧阶级的博弈产生出极度惶恐的心绪。而这种“恍惚的不安”的心绪伴随了芥川的一生。芥川人生经历坎坷,自幼不安的生活环境羁绊其一生。养子的身份抑压了他天性的自由发展。明治维新后,日本开始对外扩张,先后发动的4次大规模的对外侵略战争使日本跻身于帝国主义行列,对外掠夺对内残酷镇压的国情制约了芥川思想意识的宣泄。他怀揣一颗“不安”的心灵,登上文坛伊始,正是日本工人运动风起云涌,农民的“米骚动”频频发生之时,加之在十月革命的影响下,先进的工人和知识分子趋向社会主义,日本共产党和各种伸展个性,主张民权的组织相继诞生,无产阶级作为一支生力军开始登上文坛。人性的丑恶,社会动荡的不安,都成为作家笔下的精彩图画。1916年发表的短篇小说《鼻子》使作者跃入龙门。小说揭示了世间人性的丑恶,描摹了初登文坛的作者对希望的渴求和“希望达到后的不安”。一颗谨小慎微,阴翳丛生的心灵极力要在这不安的世界中寻得一方立锥之地。但是映在作者眼前的是“不安”的生存语境。1919年芥川发表的短篇小说《桔子》是他作品中的少有的亮色基调小品。在人生竞技场上决斗得疲惫倦怠的资产阶级“我”偶然间目睹了一直被我乜斜而视的无产阶级的“橘红色的”、“艳丽”的美德,骤然间让“我”感到一种惊诧的美丽的同时也让人隐隐的不安。1916年工人文学登上文坛,十余年的时间就蓬勃发展成为一股时代的洪流,给既有的资产阶级文学造成强烈的冲击,也刺激和影响到了对社会变动极其敏感的芥川。1927年神经纤细、身体羸弱的芥川发表了《玄鹤山房》和《河童》两部作品,前者针砭了资本主义社会的利己痼疾,后者激烈地抨击了资本主义社会体制的诸多方面。这两部作品是芥川对其生活时代的高度概括性的艺术缩写,两个月后留下遗书,无力与新时代拥抱,在“恍惚的不安”中自杀身亡。本研究按照时间顺序,从探析蕴含了不安萌芽的早期作品《鼻子》入手,继而又选取芥川中期及晚年时期较为有代表性的作品,即《桔子》(1919年)、《河童》(1927年)与《玄鹤山房》(1927年),进行剖析。本文结合时代背景,力求翔实地阐释芥川龙之介“不安”心态的创作流变及其思想的蜕变过程,重点关注芥川龙之介笔下的资产阶级和无产阶级博弈引发的社会变革的形象寓意,从而揭示其“不安文学”的纡回走向及其背后的深刻涵义。本研究主要分为以下几个部分:引言部分阐述选题的意义和背景以及先行研究的概述。第一章“希望之后的不安”。透过他的早期作品《鼻子》窥探其隐藏在心中的阴翳“不安”,以及他不幸的人生经历给他带来的影响。第二章“倦怠的不安”——《桔子》,通过对《桔子》中人物形象与意象的深刻解析,阐述芥川面对新兴无产阶级的艳羡与隐隐的不安。第三章“恍惚的不安”——《河童》、《玄鹤山房》。这两部作品发表时间相近,芥川的晚年心境更是在这两部作品之中显露出层层递进的变化,因而将其放在同一章进行讨论。通过对芥川晚年这两部代表性作品的分析,探讨芥川于激烈的社会变革的背景下对资产阶级社会的恍惚不安和失望之情。第四章,芥川龙之介“不安文学”的历史认知价值。分别从芥川个人经历的角度与20世纪初日本社会背景的角度考察芥川的“不安”心理生成的时代根基,以及历史巨变之时敏感作家自杀的世界共生现象。
[Abstract]:In his short 35 year career, Akutagawa Ryunosuke left over 150 short stories. It can be called the suicide of the Japanese literary world in.1927, which shocked the whole Japanese literary world. At the same time, his death also marked the end of the Japanese literary period. And Akutagawa Ryunosuke's death returned to the literary world of later generations. There are many puzzles, and even the opportunity for thousands of fans to study the literature of mustard. In the later literary theory, Akutagawa Ryunosuke's suicide is attributed to his "trance uneasiness". But the cause of the "trance uneasiness" and the cause of the cause and the creative mentality of the writer's spiritual world Through the investigation of the soil and political and cultural characteristics of the times of Akutagawa Ryunosuke's existence and the analysis of the vivid characters of his vivid character, the author thinks that his "trance uneasiness" is first derived from the rough life experience of the young and derived from this. The fragile nerve leads to a certain psychic mentality, and then in the collision of the age of intense change, his delicate nerves are unable to counterbalance the old and the old classes to create a very terrified mood. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to expand after the Meiji Restoration, and the 4 large-scale war of aggression launched by Japan made Japan into the ranks of imperialism. The national conditions of the brutal repression of the foreign country restricted the catharsis of the ideological consciousness of mustard. At the beginning of the literary world, it was the surge of Japanese workers' movement and the frequent occurrence of the "rice riots" of the peasants. In addition, under the influence of the October revolution, the advanced workers and intellectuals tended to socialism. The Japanese Communist Party and all kinds of extensional personality and civil rights organizations were born, and the proletariat began to ascend as a new force. The ugliness of the human nature, the unrest of the social unrest, has become a short story published by the writer in.1916's short story, "nose", which makes the author leap into Longmen. The novel reveals the ugly of the human nature in the world, portrays the desire of the author of the literary world and the "unrest of hope". To find a place in this uneasy world, it is the "uneasiness" of the author's existence in the context of the "uneasy" context of.1919. The "orange red" and "gorgeous" virtues of the proletariat, which are squinted and apparent, suddenly let the "I" feel a kind of astonishing beauty and the hidden uneasiness of.1916 workers' literature on the literary world. For more than ten years, it has flourished to become a flood of the times, which has caused a strong impact on the existing bourgeois literature. It also stimulates and affects the slender nerve of.1927, which is extremely sensitive to social changes. The weak body of the mustard has published the two works of "the mountain house" and the "river children". The former criticize the chronic disease of capitalism in the capitalist society, and the latter fiercely criticize many aspects of the capitalist social system. The two works are the life of mustard. The highly generality of the art abbreviation of the times, two months later left his remains, unable to embrace the new era and commit suicide in the "trance uneasiness". This study, according to the time sequence, starts with the analysis of the early works containing the uneasy bud, and then selects the more representative works of the middle and late years of the mustard, that is, the orange. (1919), "river boy >" (1927) and < Xuan He Shan house > (1927), carry on the analysis. This article, combining the background of the times, strives to elaborate and elaborate on the creations and changes of Akutagawa Ryunosuke's "uneasiness" mentality and the transformation process of his thought, focusing on the image implication of the social change caused by Akutagawa Ryunosuke's asset order and the proletarian game. This study is mainly divided into the following parts: the introduction explains the significance and background of the topic and the overview of the first research. The first chapter, "the unrest after hope". And the influence of his unfortunate life experience. The second chapter "the uneasiness of burnout" - "orange >", through a profound analysis of the image and image of the characters in the oranges, it expounds the envy of the new proletariat and the hidden unrest. The third chapter, "the trance uneasiness", "the river boy >" the mountain house of Xuan he is more than. The publication of the two works. When the time is similar, the mood of the late years of mustard has revealed the changes of progressive progressiveness in the two works. Therefore, it is discussed in the same chapter. Through the analysis of the two representative works of the late years of the mustard Sichuan, we discuss the trance and disappointment of the bourgeois society under the background of the fierce social change. Fourth chapters The historical cognitive value of Akutagawa Ryunosuke's "uneasy literature", from the point of view of the personal experience of mustard and the social background of Japan in the early twentieth Century, examines the foundation of the "uneasiness" of the "uneasiness" of the mustard, as well as the symbiotic phenomenon of the suicidal world of the sensitive writers at the time of the great change of history.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I313.074

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