美国媒体在2000年对华永久性正常贸易关系辩论中的独立性

发布时间：2018-04-24 03:22

  本文选题：永久性正常贸易关系 + 总统言论　； 参考：《北京外国语大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：2000年,美国总统克林顿与国会就是否通过对华永久正常贸易关系法案进行了激烈的辩论,美国媒体也一反常态,在新闻报道中对总统政策提出了批评。研究显示,媒体在报道外交政策时通常与总统保持一致,在报道中国政策时尤为如此。但在2000年的永久正常贸易关系辩论中,媒体似乎打破了这一模式,展示了自身一定的独立性。那么,在2000年的辩论中,美国媒体的立场具体是什么?是“政府的小帮手”,还是有自己独立的立场?如果有独立立场,那么在何种条件下独立,独立到什么程度?鉴于支持和反对政策的意见同时存在并且辩论激烈,媒体如何管理这些意见?媒体的独立性又是怎样在新闻报道中具体体现出来的?根据罗伯特·恩特曼(Robert Entman)的瀑布模型(the cascade model),本文提出如下论点：在美国决策高层就外交政策产生严重意见分歧时,媒体不会简单遵循总统观点,而会通过选择支持与反对意见形成自己独立的立场,并为自身利益服务。本文的研究方法为内容分析。通过总结克林顿总统就对华永久正常贸易关系发表的公开演说、文件中的框架(frame),以及《纽约时报》与《华盛顿邮报》对此问题报道中的支持与反对框架,并进行内容分析,本文否定了瀑布模型的观点。发现即使在决策高层产生分歧之时,媒体依旧支持总统；虽然展示出一定的独立性,但十分有限。反对意见虽在新闻报道中得以呈现(占所有报道的37%),这些反对并非来自媒体自身,而仅为媒体对其他政治参与者观点的采纳和引用。就媒体自身的观点(通过社论发表)而言,对总统的批评极少。媒体有限的独立性是通过选择支持与反对该政策的框架实现的。反对框架虽然数量不少,但质量较低,对总统政策能形成实质性挑战的更是少之又少。此外,反对声音大多是缺乏论证的“廉价交谈”(cheap talk),且绝大部分针对重要性较低的补充性意见提出批评,总统观点仅遭到很少的挑战。相反,通过选取支持框架,媒体为总统提供了实质的、有力的帮助。媒体调整了各个总统框架在新闻报道中的地位,强化了与公众利益息息相关的框架和意识形态色彩较强的框架,弱化了缺乏具体内容、侧重措辞渲染的框架。这表现出,媒体虽然仍对总统表示支持,但己不简单是总统的传话筒,在管理支持与反对框架的过程中,媒体也顾及了自身的目的和利益。本文对媒体在美国外交政策报道中的独立性这一问题做出了两点贡献：首先,本文扩大了此类研究的案例范围,由前人研究中的军事冲突案例扩大到更为广泛的非军事冲突类别,相关理论将可以得到更多的检测。其次,本文提出了更为细致的研究方法,认为独立性不仅通过反对总统实现,媒体如何支持总统也展示了其立场。因此,本文不仅分析反对框架,还将支持框架纳入了研究当中。通过对支持总统政策的框架进行具体的分析,可以看出哪些框架被媒体突出、强化,哪些被弱化,由此更好地认识媒体在该问题中的立场,以及其独立性的体现方式。
[Abstract]:In 2000, the president of the United States, Clinton, held a fierce debate with Congress on whether to pass the permanent normal trade relations bill with China. The American media was also normal, criticizing the presidential policy in the news report. But in the 2000 debate on permanent normal trade relations, the media seemed to break the model and show its own independence. Then, in the 2000 debate, what is the position of the American media? Is it "a small helper of the government" or a stand-alone position? If there is an independent position, what conditions are independent, To what extent is independence? In view of the existence of support and opposition to policy and the intense debate, how does the media manage these opinions? How is the independence of the media embodied in the news reports? According to the the cascade model (the cascade model) of Robert Entenma (Robert Entman), the following arguments are put forward: in the United States The media will not simply follow the president's point of view, but will form its own standpoint by choosing support and opposition and serving its own interests. The research method of this paper is the content analysis. Through the summary of Clinton's general publication of the permanent normal trade relations with China. The speech, the framework (frame) in the document, and the support and opposition framework in the New York Times and Washington Post reports, and the content analysis. This article negates the view of the waterfall model. Although the objections are presented in the news report (37% of all the reports), these objections are not from the media themselves, but only by the media's adoption and reference to the views of other political participants. In terms of the media's own views (published by the editorials), the president is criticized very little. The limited independence of the media is through the choice of support and the support of the media. Against the framework of the policy, the opposition framework, though a large number, has a low quality and less substantial challenges to the president's policy. In addition, the opposition is mostly a "cheap conversation" (cheap talk) lacking argument, and most of them criticize the less important complementarity, the president's view is only On the contrary, through the selection of the support framework, the media provided the president with substantial and powerful help. The media adjusted the status of the various presidential frameworks in the news reports, strengthened the framework and ideological color framework closely related to the public interests, weakened the lack of specific content and focused on the wording frame. This shows that, although the media still supports the president, it is not simply the microphone of the president. In the process of managing support and opposition, the media also takes into account its own goals and interests. This article makes two contributions to the independence of the media in American foreign policy reporting. The scope of the case is expanded from the military conflict cases in previous studies to a wider category of non military conflicts, and the related theories will be more detected. Secondly, this paper puts forward a more detailed study method, and holds that independence is not only through opposition to the president, but also how the media support the president. This paper not only analyzes the framework of opposition, but also integrates the support framework into the study. Through a concrete analysis of the framework for supporting the president's policy, we can see which frames are highlighted by the media, which are strengthened, and which are weakened, thus better understanding the position of the media in this issue and the embodiment of its independence.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F757.12;G212
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本文编号：1794926