另类的现代人—“地下人”形象探究

发布时间：2018-01-13 20:46

本文关键词：另类的现代人—“地下人”形象探究　出处：《辽宁师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：费奥多尔·米哈伊洛维奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基（1821-1881）在中篇小说《地下室手记》中首次明确提出了“地下人”。这一形象一经问世就引起了诸多争议，各种截然不同的评论层出不穷。卡夫卡的《地洞》被人称为“地下人”的后代，现代作家弗拉基米尔·谢苗诺维奇·马卡宁的《地下室人，或当代英雄》也出现了“地下人”。“‘地下人’的名字已被收进了现代文化意识的词汇表里，这一人物已经像哈姆雷特、唐吉诃德、唐璜和浮士德一样具有了一种伟大的原型文学创作才具有的象征地位。”①“地下人”的地位如此重要，，那么他们内在的精神实质是什么样的？这一群体是如何出现，以及他们出现的价值何在？上述问题构成本文的论说中心。本文认为，“地下人”最主要的特征是对理性的质疑和对传统秩序的反抗。他们不仅是那些生活在主流社会边缘地带的人们，更是一些脱离主流社会意识形态而遁入“地下”的人们。自古希腊罗马以来，理性就在人们心中占据重要的地位。经过文艺复兴尤其是启蒙运动对理性的高扬，在西方人的心中，理性是人的根本，是科学认识与道德规范的源泉与保障，并把社会的发展看作是理性化的过程。然而，“地下人”却大胆地质疑理性，他认为人类的整个生活是不可欠缺的，不可以用理性来决定一切。理想的“理性王国”不会到来，只有人的意志、本性、意愿才能给人类社会带来生机和活力。“地下人”是群体之外的孤独者、旁观者，他们用另类的视觉来审视主流社会。现实生活和文学文本中都有“地下人”的身影。现代主义之父卡夫卡被认为是“地下的人们的第一个活标本”，他本人也常常表示愿意成为“洞中鼠人”。文学文本中的“地下人”有主动离群索居，孤身躲在城市边缘破旧的小屋里的地下室人（《地下室手记》）；有不辞辛劳地躲在地表之下的地洞主人（《地洞》）；有因意外事件进入鳄鱼肚子里，思考人生的伊万·马特维伊奇（《鳄鱼》）；有因杀人进入监狱，面对死亡淡然处之的默尔索（《局外人》）；有根据理论杀人，内心自我煎熬的拉斯科尔尼科夫（《罪与罚》）；有迫于生活压力，无奈变身为大甲虫的格里高尔（《变形记》）等。“地下人”特殊的精神世界决定了其自身独特的生活方式，即外在的生活方式的选择——遁入地下、与世隔绝；内心的抗议——他们对理性、个性自由等问题的思考不但十分深刻的，且具有人道主义关怀。本文通过对“地下人”精神内涵的挖掘，旨在探究这一群体存在的价值意义。即“地下人”用独特的生活方式反观现代人的真实存在。
[Abstract]:Fyodor Mihailowici Dostoevsky 1821-1881. "Underground Man" was clearly put forward for the first time in the novella "Notes in the basement", which caused a lot of controversy as soon as it came out. Different kinds of comments abound. Kafka's Underground Cave is known as the descendant of the "Underground Man" and the basement man of the modern writer Vladimir Shemenovich Makanin. Or the contemporary hero also appeared "underground man". "the name of" underground man "has been included in the vocabulary of modern cultural consciousness, this character has been like Hamlet, Don Quixote. Don Juan, like Faust, has the symbolic status of a great archetypal literary creation. "1" the "underground man" is so important, then what is their inner spiritual essence? How did this group emerge and what was the value of their emergence? The above questions form the center of this thesis. This paper holds that the most important characteristic of "underground people" is their questioning of reason and their resistance to traditional order. They are not only those who live in the marginal areas of mainstream society. Since ancient Greece and Rome, reason has occupied an important position in people's hearts. After the Renaissance, especially the Enlightenment, rationality was exalted to the people. In the minds of Westerners, rationality is the foundation of human beings, the source and guarantee of scientific understanding and moral norms, and the development of society is regarded as a rational process. However, the "underground people" question reason boldly. He believes that the whole life of mankind is indispensable, can not use reason to determine everything. The ideal "rational kingdom" will not come, only human will, nature. Only will can bring vitality and vitality to human society. "Underground Man" is the lonely person outside the group, the bystander, they use the alternative vision to examine the mainstream society. There are "underground people" in real life and literary texts. Kafka, the father of modernism, is regarded as "the first living specimen of underground people". He himself often expresses his desire to become a "rat in the cave". The "underground man" in the literary texts has the basement people who are left alone in the dilapidated huts on the edge of the city ("basement Notes"); There are painstakingly hidden underground cave owners ("underground hole"); There was an accident in the belly of a crocodile, thinking about life, Ivan Matviage ("Crocodile"). There is Merso who enters the prison because of murder and faces death in a quiet place ("outsider"); Raskolnikov (Crime and punishment), who kills on the basis of theory and suffers from his own heart; Forced by the pressure of life, but changed into a beetle Gregory ("the variant") and so on. "Underground Man" special spiritual world determines its own unique way of life. That is, the choice of the external way of life-to escape underground, isolated from the world; Inner protest-their thoughts on rationality and personality freedom are not only profound, but also humanitarian. Through the excavation of the spiritual connotation of "underground man", this paper aims to explore the value meaning of the existence of this group, that is, "underground man" reflects the real existence of modern people with its unique way of life.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I512.074

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