卡夫卡与余华小说比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 01:03

本文选题：卡夫卡 + 余华　；参考：《河南大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：论文首先分析了卡夫卡和中国、卡夫卡和余华的特殊关系。卡夫卡对中国文化情有独钟，当中国人还不知道有卡夫卡这个人的时候，卡夫卡已经在研读中国文化，这为卡夫卡在中国的译介提供了先天因素。后来卡夫卡的作品被一批优秀的英语和德语翻译者介绍和大量译入中国，其中《卡夫卡全集》是一部收集卡夫卡作品最全面的中文翻译作品，这些翻译作品的出版为卡夫卡在中国的传播和接受起到很重要的作用。余华就是受到卡夫卡影响的作家之一。然后分析了余华接受卡夫卡影响的时代契机，他两人都是荒诞世界中生活过的人，一个生活在爆发了“反犹主义”的奥地利，一个在“文化大革命”中读的小学。卡夫卡的家庭生活、工作性质和身份地位都很尴尬。他是犹太人，在家庭中与父亲关系不和，工作与他所学的专业和写作的爱好都关系不大。而余华则幸运多了，他虽然在文革中长大，却通过写作进入他渴望的文化馆工作，他把文学创作当成了一种职业。接下来是卡夫卡对余华艺术特征的影响，首先是对真实这一概念的认识，卡夫卡把余华从写作的困境中解救出来，使得他认识到真实不是就事论事，而是能认识世界的语言和结构，如欲望、想象和梦境。其次是《一九八六年》对《变形记》的叙事模式的模仿，余华的《一九八六年》对《变形记》的叙事模式有所模仿，也有所突破。最后分别从刑罚主题的比较、孤独主题的比较和父子冲突的比较中，分析卡夫卡和余华的共通点和差异。第一，刑罚的主题，比较了《在流放地》和《往事与刑罚》，这两篇小说的主人公都是刑罚专家，他们把刑罚当作一种可供欣赏的技艺，作品表现了对暴力的反讽。第二，孤独的主题，比较了《司炉》和《十八岁出门远行》，小说的主人公都是独自旅行，与世界作第一次交锋的孩子的“孤独”更多是因为这个世界的秩序是为成年人准备，孩子是个闯入者。第三，比较的主题是困扰卡夫卡一生，也自始至终没有解决的问题——父子冲突。余华也表现了这一主题，，但是二人对这个主题的表现上有所区别。卡夫卡在《判决》和《变形记》中塑造的格奥尔格以及格里高尔形象在父亲的荫庇之下，体会到的是难言的痛苦，成了父权的牺牲品。而余华的《在细雨中呼喊》中的典型的父子冲突，却是循环的关系，当父亲老了，儿子有了家庭，父权受到了颠覆。结论指出余华的早期小说与卡夫卡的小说相比，部分可以看成是对卡夫卡小说的阐释性模仿，但是也有升华的部分。余华这种对卡夫卡的解读和借鉴，给中国作家创作出追赶乃至超越外国文学作品这一现实层面提供一个成功的例子。余华的小说在外国获得的成功也是余华主动参与世界文学的结果。在这个过程中卡夫卡功不可没。
[Abstract]:The paper first analyzes the special relationship between Kafka and China, Kafka and Yu Hua. Kafka has a special love for Chinese culture. When the Chinese did not know Kafka, Kafka was already studying Chinese culture, which provided the innate factor for Kafka's translation in China. Later, Kafka's works were introduced and translated into China by a group of excellent English and German translators. Among them, Kafka complete works is the most comprehensive translation of Kafka's works in Chinese. The publication of these translated works plays an important role in the dissemination and acceptance of Kafka in China. Yu Hua is one of the writers influenced by Kafka. Then it analyzes the opportunity for Yu Hua to accept Kafka's influence. They are both people who lived in the absurd world, one living in an "anti-Semitic" Austria and one in a primary school in the "Cultural Revolution". Kafka's family life, nature of work and status are embarrassing. He was Jewish, had trouble with his father in the family, and had little to do with his major or his hobbies of writing. Yu Hua, though he grew up during the Cultural Revolution, entered the cultural center work he longed for through writing, and regarded literary creation as a profession. The following is the influence of Kafka on Yu Hua's artistic characteristics, first of all, his understanding of the concept of reality. Kafka rescued Yu Hua from his writing predicament, making him realize that truth is not a matter of the subject. But to understand the language and structure of the world, such as desire, imagination and dreams. The second is the imitation of the narrative mode of the Metamorphosis in 1986, and the imitation and breakthrough of the narrative mode of the Metamorphosis by Yu Hua's 1986. Finally, the common points and differences between Kafka and Yu Hua are analyzed from the comparison of penalty theme, lonely theme and father-son conflict. First, the theme of punishment, the comparison between "in exile" and "the past and punishment", the protagonists of these two novels are penalty experts, they regard punishment as an appreciable skill, the works show the irony of violence. Second, the theme of loneliness, compared with "the stove" and "going on a long trip at the age of eighteen", the protagonists of the novel travel alone, and the "loneliness" of the children who make the first encounter with the world is more because the order of the world is for adults. The child is an intruder. Thirdly, the theme of comparison is the conflict between father and son, which puzzles Kafka all his life. Yu Hua also showed this theme, but the two people on the performance of this theme is different. Under the shadow of his father, the Georg and Gregory images created by Kafka in judgment and Metamorphosis become victims of paternity. The typical parent-son conflict in Yu Hua's shouting in the drizzle is a circular relationship. When the father is old, the son has a family, and the patriarchal power is subverted. The conclusion is that Yu Hua's early novels can be regarded as explanatory imitation of Kafka's novels, but there is also sublimation. Yu Hua's interpretation and reference of Kafka provide a successful example for Chinese writers to catch up with and surpass foreign literary works. Yu Hua's success in foreign countries is also the result of Yu Hua's active participation in world literature. In this process, Kafka made a great contribution.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I106.4-03

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