论《诺斯托罗莫》中的英雄主义

发布时间：2018-04-25 04:26

本文选题：约瑟夫·康拉德 + 《诺斯托罗莫》　；参考：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：约瑟夫·康拉德(1857-1924)是二十世纪英国一位严肃的现实主义小说家。出版于1904年的《诺斯托罗莫》是康拉德社会政治小说中最杰出的一部，其宏伟的场面、多变的视角和错综复杂的结构一度成为评论界研究的焦点。但对于一部以社会变革为背景的小说，少有研究者对这部作品中体现的英雄主义给予重视，从英雄角度出发来探讨其社会意义的成果也较为少见。在人类社会发展过程中，英雄主义是逐渐形成并一直为人们所推崇的精神价值观，内在的崇高性以及英勇的行为都是英雄主义恒久不变的内涵。英雄备出的时代通常都是社会格局混乱的时代，在以政治动荡的柯斯塔瓜纳为背景的小说中，英雄也成为了不可缺少的元素。然而康拉德笔下对“英雄”的塑造却颠覆了传统的英雄观念，在该小说中，各类英雄人物的变化不仅是个人私欲的诱导，更有其深刻的社会因素。社会历史批评是从社会历史发展角度观察、分析、评价文学现象的一种文学批评方法。它重视作家的思想倾向，强调文学作品的价值和社会作用。二十世纪初期，社会局势动荡不安，社会历史批评的发展在这一变革时期找到了沃土。在前人的影响下，英国批评家考德威尔进一步指出文学批评应发挥积极的社会功能，并且要从社会历史变迁中考察文学的意义。《诺斯托罗莫》是一部有着宏大的社会背景和包含着复杂的人物心理的现代小说。从社会历史角度来解析该小说中被颠覆的英雄人物形象与社会变革之间的联系，有利于我们进一步了解康拉德的英雄观和社会理想。本文运用社会历史批评方法，从英雄主义角度出发，以三类不同的人物为切入点，以幻灭、逃避和反抗为逻辑关键词，探讨动乱社会催生的悲剧英雄、虚假英雄和非英雄这三类人物的反应以及命运，进而探究了其背后的个人和社会原因。继导语部分介绍了国内外对于该小说的研究现状以及本文的可行性和研究意义后，正文首先分析了理想破灭的悲剧英雄。投身革命的诺斯托罗莫和德考得最后遭遇背叛，陷入绝望，甚至面临死亡。而他们悲剧的结局实则源于其个人信念与社会现实的对立。然后分析了选择逃避的虚假英雄。在一步步揭开高尔德和诺斯托罗莫光鲜英雄外衣的同时，力图表明英雄表象与本质之间的反差并且探析逃避的原因。最后分析了走向反抗的非英雄。作为普通人的赫尔南迪兹和莫尼汉姆却走上了反抗之路，又在危险关头挺身而出。然而非英雄的出现却是对一个不安社会的控诉。通过以上分析，结语部分试图阐明小说人物从幻灭到逃避、从逃避再到反抗的过程，这一过程反映了动荡时代人们心理的变化发展过程以及身处变革时代的焦虑与无奈。借助《诺斯托罗莫》，康拉德不仅传达了一种危机意识，更透露出他对社会现实的深刻忧思。
[Abstract]:Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) is a serious realistic novelist in England in the 20th century. Northromo published in 1904 is the most outstanding one in Conrad's social and political novels. Its magnificent scenes, varied perspectives and complicated structure have once become the focus of critical research. However, for a novel with social change as its background, few researchers attach importance to the heroism embodied in this novel, and the achievement of exploring its social significance from the perspective of heroes is also relatively rare. In the course of the development of human society, heroism is gradually formed and has been respected by the people of the spiritual values, the inner sublime and heroic behavior are the constant connotation of heroism. The era in which heroes are prepared is usually an era of social chaos. In the novels set by Costaguana, political turmoil, heroes also become an indispensable element. However, Conrad's portrayal of "Hero" subverts the traditional concept of hero. In this novel, the changes of all kinds of heroes are not only the inducement of personal lust, but also the profound social factors. Social and historical criticism is a method of literary criticism to observe, analyze and evaluate literary phenomena from the perspective of social and historical development. It attaches importance to the writer's ideological tendency and emphasizes the value and social function of literary works. In the early 20th century, the social situation was unstable, and the development of social historical criticism found fertile ground in this period of change. Under the influence of his predecessors, the British critic Caldwell further pointed out that literary criticism should play an active social role. It is also necessary to examine the significance of literature from the perspective of social and historical vicissitude. Gnosticomo is a modern novel with a great social background and complex characters' psychology. From the perspective of social history, it is helpful for us to further understand Conrad's hero view and social ideal by analyzing the connection between the subversive hero image and the social change in the novel. Using the method of social and historical criticism, starting from the perspective of heroism, taking three kinds of different characters as the breakthrough point, taking disillusionment, escape and resistance as logical keywords, this paper discusses the tragic heroes born of the turbulent society. The reactions and fates of these three kinds of characters, false heroes and non-heroes, are discussed, and the personal and social reasons behind them are explored. After the introduction part introduces the domestic and foreign research status of the novel and the feasibility and significance of this paper, the text first analyzes the disillusioned tragic hero. The revolutionaries, Northtolomo and de Kaud, were eventually betrayed, desperate, and even faced with death. And their tragic ending is actually derived from the opposition between their personal beliefs and social reality. Then it analyzes the false heroes who choose to escape. In the process of uncovering Gold and Gnotholomo's splendid heroic coat step by step, the author tries to show the contrast between the appearance and essence of the hero and to explore the reasons of escape. Finally, it analyzes the non-hero who moves toward resistance. As ordinary people, Hernandez and Moneham are on the path of revolt and stand up in danger. But the emergence of non-heroes is an indictment of an uneasy society. Through the above analysis, the conclusion part attempts to clarify the process of the characters from disillusionment to escape, from escape to resistance, which reflects the process of psychological change and development of people in turbulent times and anxiety and helplessness in times of change. With Gnostoromo, Conrad not only conveys a sense of crisis, but also reveals his deep concern about social reality.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I561.074

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