通过《九三年》看雨果的人道主义在二十世纪中国的接受情况

发布时间：2018-05-11 08:19

本文选题：九三年 + 雨果　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：长篇小说《九三年》在法国作家雨果（1802～1885）长达60年的创作中是一部特殊且重要的作品：它是雨果的最后一部长篇小说，评论界视为雨果整个创作的终结；从1862年到1872年，它经过了长达十年的酝酿，是雨果人道主义思想的集大成者；它以1793年的旺代叛乱为纲，以革命与反叛为线，在雨果的整个小说创作中题材极为重大；它从多种对立角度对革命与人道主义的关系加以思考、分析、讨论并作出了铿锵有力的回答，主题尤为尖锐；《九三年》超越了此前也不同程度涉及人道主义这一主题的小说《巴黎圣母院》（1831）、《悲惨世界》（1862）、《海上劳工》（1866）及《笑面人》（1869）等；在这部小说中，雨果对历史事件进行了超历史的、超社会的深刻思考，虽然从艺术上看，它似乎逊色于《悲惨世界》与《巴黎圣母院》。面对腥风血雨的九三年，高扬人道主义大旗的史学家雨果陷入了痛苦而深刻的思考，革命与人道到底孰轻孰重、如何取舍。在《九三年》中，雨果借三个主人公的经历和命运作出了自己的回答。他明白叛乱的必然与残酷，理解革命的必然与必须，更清楚镇压的必然与血腥。雨果承认、理解、支持了历史中的革命，这是评价人道主义高于革命这一认识或结论的一个前提；同时，雨果对革命中无可避免的暴力等非人道、反人道行为也给予了批评与谴责。他力图在他支持的革命与信仰的人道主义之间寻求解释与平衡。他分析思考着革命与历史的关系、历史与人道的关系、革命与人道的关系，最终做出了在绝对正确的革命之上，还有一个绝对正确的人道主义的总结性呐喊。于历史，这是总结；于未来，这是警示；于思想，这是积累。雨果的人道主义在二十世纪的中国接受情况受制于当时的社会历史环境，过程可谓一波三折。虽然《九三年》在上世纪初期已经传入中国，但小说宣扬的人道主义并未得到重视，文学界更倾向于文章表达的革命性；到了五十年代，小说悲剧性的被列为禁书，激进分子更是从情节加以否定，《九三年》被贬的体无完肤，更被扣上了资产阶级人道主义的帽子；八十年代以后，即使文学界百花齐放，但对雨果的人道主义认识仍然处于一种片面否定状态，而对于在绝对正确的革命之上，还有一个绝对正确的人道主义这一中心思想在中国当时的文学研究和文学评论中几乎是众口一词的被否定。这一否定在今天看来是应重新讨论的。今天，国内外文学界关于雨果及其小说《九三年》的评论与研究，应该说是比较全面也比较深入的，，评价与认识还是比较客观、得体的。但对于小说中体现的代表性思想，即人道主义思想还是莫衷一是。雨果小说中的这一认识或结论实际是一个深刻的、科学的、正确的、彻底的结论，无法否定其在价值取向上的正义性与积极性，这些从对作品的分析与历史、现实的思考都可得到证明。应该对往昔的否定性意见或看法做出必要的调整与修正，应该把《九三年》、雨果及众多的作家作品从资产阶级人道主义的灰色帽子下解放出来，进行理性分析和总结。
[Abstract]:It is the last novel of Hugo , which is regarded as the end of the whole creation of Hugo ;
It ' s been a decade of gestation , and it is a collector of the humanitarian thinking of Hugo ;
It takes 1793 years of vigorous rebellion as the outline , with revolution and rebellion as the line , in the whole novel creation of Hugo is extremely important ;
It analyzes and discusses the relationship between revolution and humanitarian from a variety of opposition angles , analyzes , discusses and makes a loud and forceful answer , especially acute ;
Over the past three or three years , the author has transcended the novels of the theme of the humanitarian issue in the novels of the Paris Saint - Dame Cathedral ( 1831 ) , the tragic death of the world , the maritime labour force ( 1866 ) and the smiling face ( 1869 ) , etc . ;
In this novel , Hugo has made a history of historical events and profound thinking of the ultra - society , though from the art it appears to be inferior to the tragic World War and the Paris Dame Cathedral .

In the ninety - three years of the bloody rain , the historian Hugo of the high - yang humanitarian flag has fallen into a painful and profound thought . The revolution and humanity have made their own answers . In the past three years , Hugo borrowed three heroines ' experiences and fate to answer . He understood that the rebellion was bound and cruel , and understood that the revolution must be the same as the bloody . Hugo acknowledged , understood and supported the revolution in history , which was a prerequisite for the evaluation of the awareness or conclusion of the humanitarian higher revolution ;
At the same time , Hugo gave criticism and condemnation to inhuman and anti - humanity behavior such as inevitable violence in the revolution . He tried to seek an explanation and balance between the revolution and belief that he supported . He analyzed the relationship between the revolution and history , the relationship between history and humanity , the relationship between history and humanity , the relationship between the revolution and humanity , and finally made an absolutely correct revolutionary battle over the absolute right revolution .
This is a warning in the future ;
in that thought , this is build up .

Hugo ' s humanitarian in the twentieth century is subject to the social and historical environment of the time , and the process can be one - to - three - fold . Although it has been introduced into China at the beginning of the last century , the humanism of the novel has not been paid much attention , and the literary circle prefers the revolutionary nature of the expression of the article ;
By the 1950 ' s , the novel tragedy was listed as a forbidden book , and the militants rejected the plot from the plot , and in the past three or three years , they had been defaced , and the bourgeoisie ' s humanitarian cap was more detained .
After the 1980 ' s , even if the literary world is full of flowers , the humanitarian understanding of the Hugo is still in a state of one - sided negative , but for the absolute right revolution , there is an absolutely right humanism . It is a profound , scientific , correct and thorough conclusion that it can not deny its sense and initiative in value orientation .

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I565.074

【相似文献】