《小镇畸人》中的精神异化

发布时间：2018-06-07 13:25

本文选题：舍伍德·安德森 + 《小镇畸人》　；参考：《首都师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：舍伍德·安德森的《小镇畸人》以充满感情的笔触描述了十九世纪后期美国中西部小镇的生活风貌。小镇上的居民饱受清教道德规范和资本主义价值观的双重压迫,他们疏于交际,思想和行为十分古怪,他们与自身和小镇上其他居民的关系发生了异化。安德森通过描写这些怪人的外貌和拙于交际来表现他们精神上的异化,在那个日益冷漠的社会里,个人的内心充满矛盾。在《小镇畸人》中,困扰个人的一个核心问题就是他们的本能冲动与他们的价值观念之间的冲突。他们内心希望采取行动克服异化,但他们的能力和欲望都受到了压制。本文采用存在主义哲学家萨特、弗洛姆和塞曼的观点解析《小镇畸人》中的异化现象。萨特强调人的主观意识在人的异化过程中的作用。他认为,人的痛苦源自他意识到自己在受折磨。他还指出,人害怕面对“他者”。人在面对“他者”时会感到自己是异类,无法找到归属感和安全感。萨特还指出人会被迫接受错误的价值观念,导致自身异化,他把这种行为定义为“不诚”(bad faith)。本文试图应用萨特的异化理论分析《小镇畸人》中人物异化的根源。埃里希·弗罗姆在分析人的异化原因时,强调缺乏归属感是导致人异化的重要因素。他认为人需要归属感,渴望被他人接受,被他人需要,为了找到这种归属感,人不得不背弃本我,遵从被社会普遍接受的价值观念和道德规范,而这种屈从最终导致了人的异化。梅尔文·塞曼借鉴了马克思和埃米尔·迪尔凯姆的异化理论,提出异化的“五维度”：权力缺乏、意义丧失、规范缺失、社会隔离、自我疏远。异化的这五个方面在《小镇畸人》中均有所体现,本文也要借鉴塞曼的观点来分析《小镇畸人》中人物的异化。本文结合存在主义哲学家的异化理论和安德森对当时文化的理解,探究导致小镇居民异化的根源。造成小镇居民异化的罪魁祸首是工业化和清教主义。受资本主义金钱至上价值观的影响,小镇居民盲目追求物质财富,人与人之间的关系变得冷漠,爱的丧失是导致他们异化的根本原因。在高度发达的机器工业面前,小镇居民感觉自己微不足道,无力掌握自己的命运,对自身价值的否认和无能感也导致了他们的异化。在多重价值观的冲击下,小镇居民信仰的动摇以及面对他者时的困惑与恐惧也是导致他们异化的主要因素。他们拙于辞令,生性懦弱,不敢把自己的想法告诉他人,这也阻碍了他们之间的相互理解。他们无法在自己的本能欲望与信仰之间找到平衡,在新时代中找不到生命的意义,从而产生失落感,这些都是导致他们异化的重要因素。
[Abstract]:Sherwood Anderson describes the life of the Midwestern towns in the late nineteenth century in emotional style. The inhabitants of the town suffered from the double oppression of puritanical ethics and capitalist values, their lack of communication, their peculiar thinking and behaviour, and their dissimilation in their relations with themselves and the rest of the town. Anderson expresses these strange people's mental alienation by describing their appearance and being unsociable. In that increasingly apathetic society, the individual's heart is full of contradictions. One of the central issues that haunts individuals in the small Town Terror is the conflict between their instinctive impulses and their values. They wanted to act to overcome alienation, but their abilities and desires were suppressed. In this paper, the existentialist philosophers Sartre, Fromm and Zeeman are used to analyze the alienation phenomenon in the small town teratons. Sartre emphasizes the role of human subjective consciousness in the process of human alienation. He believes that human suffering stems from the realization that he is suffering. He also pointed out that people are afraid to face the other. People in the face of the "other" will feel that they are different, unable to find a sense of belonging and security. Sartre also points out that people are forced to accept wrong values, leading to alienation, which he defines as "dishonest" bad faithins. This paper attempts to use Sartre's alienation theory to analyze the root causes of alienation. Erich 路From emphasizes that the lack of sense of belonging is an important factor leading to alienation. He believes that people need a sense of belonging, a desire to be accepted by others, and a desire to be needed by others. In order to find this sense of belonging, one has to abandon one's identity and follow the values and ethics that are generally accepted by society. And this subservience eventually leads to the alienation of human beings. Melvin Salman draws lessons from Marx's and Emile Dilkem's theory of alienation, and puts forward five dimensions of alienation: lack of power, loss of meaning, lack of norms, social segregation and self-alienation. These five aspects of alienation are reflected in the "small town malformation", and this paper also uses Zeeman's viewpoint to analyze the alienation of the characters in "small town malformation". Based on existentialist philosophers' alienation theory and Anderson's understanding of the culture of the time, this paper explores the root causes of the alienation of the townspeople. The main culprits for dissimilation were industrialization and Puritanism. Under the influence of capitalist money supreme values, the people of small towns blindly pursue material wealth, the relationship between people becomes indifferent, and the loss of love is the fundamental cause of their alienation. In the face of the highly developed machine industry, the townspeople feel that they are insignificant, unable to control their own destiny, and the denial and incompetence of their own value also lead to their alienation. Under the impact of multiple values, the vacillation of faith and confusion and fear in the face of others are also the main factors leading to their alienation. They are weak in rhetoric, cowardly in nature and afraid to tell others what they think, which also hinders their mutual understanding. They are unable to find a balance between their instinctive desire and their beliefs, and can not find the meaning of life in the new era, thus producing a sense of loss, which is an important factor leading to their alienation.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I712.074

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