以福柯的异质拓扑学解读《魔山》中的另类空间—疗养院

发布时间：2018-06-08 06:36

本文选题：疗养院 + 空间　；参考：《四川外国语大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪60年代法国社会学家米歇尔·福柯在其文章《另类空间》中强调了“空间”的重要性。此后在文化学领域出现了新的范式转换，即“空间转向”或“地形学转向”。历史学、社会学以及文化学中出现了多种多样的空间反思，显示了空间意识的苏醒。这些空间反思为文学作品中的空间研究提供了新的视角与新的可能性。福柯在《另类空间》中系统地描述了一种另类空间。这种空间的运转规则不同寻常，被看做社会中的另类，它能够反映、质疑以及颠覆社会中的其他空间。这种另类空间和乌托邦一样，与平常的生活空间相矛盾。但是与虚构的乌托邦相反，，此类空间又是真实存在于社会之中。与“乌托邦”的概念相比较，福柯将这种另类空间命名为“异托邦”，与此相应，他将对异托邦的系统描述称作“异质拓扑学”。在托马斯·曼的长篇小说《魔山》中就出现了这样的异托邦——“山庄”疗养院。本文将从社会学视角借助福柯的异质拓扑学研究这个疗养院空间。文本分析的第一部分即是对疗养院的异托邦特性的分析。“山庄”疗养院地处山区，远离社会，但是作为社会的下级系统，它又与社会保持着联系。疾病在社会中是一种偏离的状态，在疗养院中则成了正常状态，这使得疗养院成为了一个另类的空间，一个偏离的异托邦。此外，疗养院还是一个包罗万象的异托邦，它以汉斯·卡斯托普为中心，将形形色色具有不同立场的人聚集在一起，构建了一个微观世界。疗养院中的时间也与传统时间相违背。疗养院中的病人与世隔绝，生活程序固定不变，加之高山上气候多变，每个季节都有可能下雪，这就使得病人们逐渐忘记了传统时间。另外疗养院又是一个既开放又封闭的系统，只有生病的人才能真正进入疗养院空间。文本分析的第二部分讨论了疗养院异托邦的社会功能。无论是对病人还是对社会来说，疗养院都具备一定的社会功能。病人将疗养院当做新的家乡，长期住在那里，并逐渐疏远原来的家乡。疗养院具有如此强大的吸引力，一是因为疗养院作为社会中的另类空间，具有另类的制度，在这种制度下病人会逐渐丧失治病的意志；二是因为疗养院为病人和逃避工作的人创造了一个逃亡空间，在这个空间中人们不用理会通常的社会准则和要求。三是因为平原社会也对疗养院中的病人采取了无所谓的态度，将疗养院当做了存放无用之人的垃圾场。这些因素不仅展现了疗养院的社会功能，也揭示了住在这个空间中的人和社会的关系。他们住在疗养院中，一方面是因为在疗养院中没有负担，另一方面则是因为社会不需要他们。
[Abstract]:Michel Foucault, a French sociologist, emphasized the importance of space in his essay alternative Space in the 1960s. Since then, there has been a new paradigm shift in the field of culturology, that is, "spatial turn" or "topographic turn". There are various spatial reflections in history, sociology and culturology, which shows the awakening of spatial consciousness. These spatial reflections provide a new angle of view and a new possibility for the study of space in literary works. Foucault systematically describes an alternative space in alternative Space. The rules of this space are unusual and are seen as an alternative to society, reflecting, questioning and subverting other spaces in society. This alternative space, like utopia, contradicts the usual living space. But contrary to the fictional utopia, such spaces are real in society. In contrast to the concept of "utopia," Foucault named this alternative space "heterotopia," corresponding to it. He described the system of heterotopia as "heterogeneity topology," as in Thomas Mann's novel Mount of the Magic. This paper will study the nursing home space from the perspective of sociology with Foucault's heterogeneity topology. The first part of the text analysis is the analysis of the heterotopic characteristics of nursing homes. The sanatorium is located in the mountains, far from society, but as a subordinate system of society, it keeps in touch with society. Disease is a state of deviation in society and a normal state in sanatorium, which makes sanatorium an alternative space, a deviated heterotopia. In addition, the sanatorium is an all-encompassing heterotope, centered around Hans Castopp, bringing together people of different positions to build a microcosm. Time in sanatorium is also contrary to traditional time. Patients in nursing homes are isolated from the world, their routines are fixed, and the alpine climate makes it possible for them to snow every season, making them forget about the traditional times. In addition, sanatorium is an open and closed system, only sick people can really enter the nursing home space. The second part of the text analysis discusses the social function of the nursing home. Sanatoriums have a certain social function, both for patients and society. The patient treats the nursing home as a new home, lives there for a long time, and gradually alienates the old home. Sanatorium has such a strong appeal, first, because sanatorium as an alternative space in the society, with alternative system, under this system patients will gradually lose the will to treat disease; The second is that the sanatorium creates an escape space for the sick and those who escape from work, where people ignore the usual social norms and requirements. The third reason is that the plain society has adopted an indifferent attitude towards the patients in the nursing home, using the nursing home as a garbage dump for the useless. These factors not only reveal the social function of nursing homes, but also reveal the relationship between the people living in this space and society. They live in nursing homes, partly because they have no burden, and because society doesn't need them.
【学位授予单位】：四川外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I516.074

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